CERN Accelerator School Small accelerators

444 Pages·2006·40.45 MB·English

CERN–2006–012
26October2006
ORGANISATION EUROP(cid:131)ENNE POUR LA RECHERCHE NUCL(cid:131)AIRE
CERN
EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH
CERN Accelerator School
Small accelerators
Zeegse, The Netherlands
24 May–2 June 2005
Proceedings
Editor: D. Brandt
GENEVA
2006
CERN–320copiesprinted–October2006
Abstract
These proceedings present the lectures given at the nineteenth specialized course organized by the CERN
AcceleratorSchool(CAS),thetopicbeingSmallAccelerators. Itisthefirsttimethatthistopichasbeenselected
foraspecializedcourse,but,takingintoaccounttheincrediblylargenumberofsmallacceleratorscurrentlyin
operationaroundtheworld,itwasfeltthatsuchatopicshoulddefinitivelybeincorporatedintotheCASseries
ofspecializedcourses. Theprogrammeisessentiallycomposedofthreedistinctparts: firstlyaso-called‘core
curriculum’ introducing the basic accelerator physics common to all machines, such as relativity, longitudinal
and transverse dynamics, space charge, and beam formation. The second part deals with the different types
of machines, starting with DC machines, linacs, cyclotrons, and extending to synchrotrons. The final part is
dedicatedtothespecificapplicationsrelatedtothesedifferentmachines.
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Foreword
The aim of the CERN Accelerator School (CAS) to collect, preserve and disseminate the knowledge ac-
cumulated in the world’s accelerator laboratories applies not only to general accelerator physics, but also to
relatedsub-systems,equipment,andtechnologies. Thiswideraimisachievedbymeansofspecializedcourses.
For 2005, the topic of the course was Small Accelerators and it was held at the Golden Tulip Drenthe Hotel,
Zeegse,TheNetherlands,from24Mayto2June2005.
In fact, ‘Small Accelerators’ had never been retained as a topic for a CAS specialized course. However,
whenconsideringtheoverwhelmingratioofsmallacceleratorsamongstthemanythousandsofmachinescur-
rentlyoperatingaroundtheworld,itwasfeltthatitwastherighttimetoaddressthisspecifictopic.
The present course was elaborated in collaboration with the Kernfysisch Versneller Institute (KVI) in
Groningen. In particular, the outstanding contribution of the Programme coordinators Dr. S. Brandenburg
(KVI) and Dr. A. Paans (PET Center Groningen), the help and encouragement of the KVI management and
staff,especiallytheenthusiasticcontributionoftheLocalOrganizingCommitteecomposedofS.Brandenburg,
M.Hofstee,A.Paans,H.Beijers,M.Koopmans,A.PetitiauxandJ.VanderWeele,weremostinvaluable.
Similarly, it is important to underline that the Local Organizing Committee very successfully identified
sponsorsfromindustrytoprovidefinancialsupportandofferscholarshipstohighlydeservingyoungstudents,
whowouldnothavebeenabletoattendtheschoolotherwise.
As always, the backing of the CERN management, the guidance of the CAS Advisory and Programme
Committees, the attention to detail of the Local Organizing Committee and the management and staff of the
GoldenTulipDrentheHotelensuredthattheschoolwasheldunderoptimumconditions.
Veryspecialthanksmustgotothelecturersfortheenormoustaskofpreparing,presenting,andwritingup
theirtopics.
Finally, the enthusiasm of the participants who came from more than 25 different countries around the
worldwasconvincingproofoftheusefulnessandsuccessofthecourse.
It is my pleasure and my privilege to thank most sincerely all those persons who helped me to make the
courseasuccess,includingtheCERNScientificTextProcessingTeamfortheirdedicationandcommitmentto
theproductionofthisdocument.
DanielBrandt
CERNAcceleratorSchool
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n
2 o
day s to Stati
ursuseort/
hBp
T Air
Wednesday 1 Hadron Therapy G. Goitein IMRT A. Van’t Veld Industrial Applications (Electrons) M. Cleland on Implanters J. Lindner Surface Analysis A. Denker Future Trends Y. Jongen Closing Remarks
I
Tuesday 31 Beam Diagnostics II U. Raich Laser Acceleration Tiny Accelerators M. Van der Wiel Tea/Coffee Vacuum O. Gröbner Lunch Beam Cooling H. Danared PET A. Paans Tea/Coffee Microtrons and Recirculators A. Jankowiak Time for Discussions Dinner
R SCHOOL ME May – 2 June 2005 Monday 30 Magnets for Cyclotrons Y. Jongen Extraction and Injection Y. Jongen Synchrotrons M. Benedikt Beam Diagnostics I U. Raich Radiation Safety W. Ruehm Seminar H.A. Lorentz F.A. Berends Time for Discussions
TOM4 29
CELERAROGRAerlands, 2 Sunday E X C U R S I O N
CPh
CERN A Zeegse, the Net Saturday 28 Beam Dynamics for Cyclotrons I F. Chautard Beam Dynamics for Cyclotrons II F. Chautard RF for Cyclotrons P. Sigg V I S I T S PET CENTER KVI INSTITUUT
Friday 27 High Voltage Engineering E. Gaxiola Linacs Beam Dynamics N. Pichoff offee Differences between Electron and Ions Linacs M. Vretenar ch RF for Linacs E. Jensen RFQ A. Lombardi Seminar I Time for Discussions
C n
Thursday 26 Transverse Dynamics II Emittances D. Möhl Longitudinal Beam Dynamics and Stability II J. Le Duff Tea/Beam Formation I (Electrons) P. Spaedtke LuBeam Formation II (Ions) P. Spaedtke DC Machines F. Hinterberger Tea/Coffee Poster Session Time for Discussions Dinner
Wednesday 25 Special Relativity C. Prior Transverse Dynamics I Beam Lines A. Lombardi Longitudinal Beam Dynamics and Stability I J. Le Duff Space Charge I L. Palumbo Space Charge II L. Palumbo Intro to Electrostatic Focusing F. Hinterberger Time for Discussions
e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
m3 33 3 0 0 0 00 0 3 3330
Ti08: 09:09: 10: 11: 12: 14: 15:15: 16: 16: 17:17:18:19:

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Contents
Foreword
D.Brandt ..................................................................................... vii
Specialrelativity
C.R.Prior ...................................................................................... 1
Beamlines
A.M.Lombardi ................................................................................ 17
Ionopticswithelectrostaticlenses
F.Hinterberger ................................................................................ 27
Sourcesofemittancegrowth
D.Mo¨hl ....................................................................................... 45
Beamformation
P.Spa¨dtke ..................................................................................... 71
Electrostaticaccelerators
F.Hinterberger ................................................................................ 95
High-voltageengineering
E.Gaxiola ................................................................................... 113
BeamdynamicsbasicsinRFlinacs
N.Pichoff .................................................................................... 145
Differencesbetweenelectronandionlinacs
M.Vretenar .................................................................................. 179
TheRadioFrequencyQuadrupole(RFQ)
A.M.Lombardi ............................................................................... 201
Beamdynamicsforcyclotrons
F.Chautard .................................................................................. 209
RFforcyclotrons
P.K.Sigg ..................................................................................... 231
Magnetsforcyclotrons
S.Zaremba ................................................................................... 253
Injectionandextractionforcyclotrons
W.Kleeven ................................................................................... 271
Beamdiagnostics
U.Raich ..................................................................................... 297
Thecohortoftheatomicbombsurvivors—majorbasisofradiationsafetyregulations
W.Ru¨hm,L.Walsh,E.A.Nekolla ............................................................... 319
Vacuumsystem
O.Gro¨bner .................................................................................. 331
Beamcooling
H.Danared .................................................................................. 343
Positronemissiontomography
A.M.J.Paans ................................................................................. 363
Industrialapplicationsofelectronaccelerators
M.R.Cleland ................................................................................. 383
Materialsanalysisusingfastions
A.Denkeretal. ............................................................................... 417
ListofParticipants .............................................................................. 433
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