cern accelerator school cyclotrons, linacs and their applications

404 Pages·2005·10.75 MB·English

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CERN 96-02
4 March 1996
XC96FG801
ORGANISATION EUROPEENNE POUR LA RECHERCHE NUCLEAIRE
C E RN EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH
CERN ACCELERATOR SCHOOL
CYCLOTRONS, LINACS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
IBM International Education Centre, La Hulpe, Belgium
28 April-5 May 1994
PROCEEDINGS
Editor: S. Turner
GENEVA
0 - Mn 0 -? 1996
Copyright CERN, Genfeve, 1996
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ISSN 0007-8328
ISBN 92-9083-083-2
KS002037930 CERN 96-02
R: FI 4 March 1996
DE008816145
45*
ORGANISATION EUROPEENNE POUR LA RECHERCHE NUCLEAIRE
C E RN EUROPEAN ORGANIZATION FOR NUCLEAR RESEARCH
CERN ACCELERATOR SCHOOL
CYCLOTRONS, LINACS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
IBM International Education Centre, La Hulpe, Belgium
28 April-5 May 1994
PROCEEDINGS
Editor: S. Turner
GENEVA
1996
CERN-Service d'information scientifique-RD/958-2500-mars 1996
Abstract
fl—^
p These proceedings present the lectures given at the eighth specialized course
organized by the CERN Accelerator School (CAS), the topic this time being 'Cyclotrons,
Linacs and Their Applications'. Following an introductory lecture on linacs, the
fundamental features of electron, ion and induction linacs are described together with
their RF systems and particle sources. Cyclotrons are then introduced followed by details
of their different types, their magnet and RF design, and their injection and extraction
systems, with a glance towards exotic and possible future machines. Chapters are then
presented on the use of linacs and cyclotrons for medical, fission, fusion and material
applications, as well as for isotope production. Finally, descriptions of the design of a
radioisotope facility, the matching of accelerators to their task and the computational tools
used in their design are included. ,
CERN ACCELERATOR SCHOOL
CRC, UNIVERSITE CATHOLIQUE DE LOUVAIN, BELGIUM
will organize a course on
CYCLOTRONS, LINACS
AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
28 April-5 May, 1994
IBM International Education Centre, La
Hulpe, Belgium
This course is intended for staff in laboratories, university departments and
hospitals where cyclotrons and linear accelerators have a practical application.
Companies specialising in such equipment may also be interested. Participants
should have at least a first-degree knowledge of physics, mathematics or
engineering.
For further information and application forms, please contact:
Mrs. S. von Wartburg
CERN Accelerator School
CH-1211 Geneva 23 E-mail: [email protected]
Switzerland Telefax: + 41 22 7824836
Head of School: E.J.N. Wilson.
Programme Committee: B. Allardyce, O. Barbalat, V. Bechtold, H. Haseroth,
D. Lewis, P. Mandrillon, J.C. Malglaive, G. Ryckewaert,
S. Turner, M. Weiss, D. Warner, E.J.N. Wilson, K. Zeigler.
Local Organizing Committee: N. Postiau, G. Ryckewaert, S. Turner, S. von Wartburg.
CLOSING DATE FOR APPLICATIONS: 1 FEBRUARY 1994
PROGRAMME FOR COURSE ON CYCLOTRONS, LINACS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS
IBM International Education Centre, La Hulpe, Belgium, April 28 - May 5, 1994
Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday
Time 28 April 29 April 30 April 1 May 2 May 3 May 4 May 5 May
08.00 BREAKFAST
09.00 Introduction toRF Fundamentals of Fundamentals of Application of Fundamentals of Engineering Designing a
linear accelerators electron linacs ion linacs, I linacs to fusion ion linacs, II design and sub- radio isotope
systems for facility
linacs
10.00 P. Lapps toll e D. Warner M. Weiss I. Hofmann M. Weiss D. Tronc D. Lewis
COFFEE BREAK COFFEE BREAK
10.30 Introduction to Overview of Cyclotron E Injection into RF systems for Extraction from Exotic
cyclotrons cyclotron types magnet cyclotrons cyclotrons cyclotrons cyclotrons
calculations X
c
11.30 T. Stammbach T. S lam m bach Y. Jongen P. Mandrillon C. Bieth J. Botman U. Trinks
u
MID MORNING BREAK MID MORNING BREAK
11.45 Medical Cyclotrons for Non-medical Applications of Applications of Application of Review of
applications of therapy application of R ion linacs cyclotrons for high intensity commercially
electron linacs linacs materials p-linacs to available
(including S research, I spallation machines
dosimetry) sources
12.45 A. Wambersie P. Mandrillon K. Bethee I K. Bethge K. Ziegler H. Lengeler O. Barbalat
LUNCH LUNCH
14.30 Ion sources and Isotope O RF systems for Applications of The use of
electron guns VISIT TO production linacs cyclotrons for accelerators in TRANSPORT
IBA AND CRC N materials the fission
LOUVAIN-LA- research, II energy field TO
NEUVE
15.30 C. Hill V. Bechtold W. Pirkl K. Ziegler J. Schapira AIRPORT
TEA TEA TEA BREAK
16.00 Induction linacs Computational PET imaging Medical imaging Matching
tools for accelerators to
accelerator the task
design
17.00 J. de Mascureau L. Rinolfi J.C. Clark S. Askienazy M. Weiss
18.00 COCKTAIL
19.00 EVENING MEAL
20.00 BANQUET

VII
Foreword
The mission of the CERN Accelerator School to collect, preserve and disseminate the
knowledge accumulated in the world's accelerator laboratories applies not only to
accelerators and storage rings, but also to the related sub-systems, equipment and
technologies. This wider aim is being achieved by means of the specialized courses listed
in the Table below. The latest of these was on the topic of Cyclotrons, Linacs and their
Applications and was held in La Hulpe, Belgium, 28 April-5 May 1994, its proceedings
forming the present volume.
List of specialised CAS courses andtheir proceedings
Year Course Proceedings
1983 Antiprotons for colliding beam facilities CERN 84-15 (1984)
1986 Applied Geodesy for particle accelerators CERN 87-01 (1987) also
Lecture Notes in Earth Sciences 12,
(Springer Verlag, 1987)
1988 Superconductivity in particle accelerators CERN 89-04 (1989)
1989 Synchrotron radiation and free-electron lasers CERN 90-03 (1990)
1990 Power converters for particle accelerators CERN 90-07 (1990)
1991 RF engineering for particle accelerators CERN 92-03 (1992)
1992 Magnetic measurement and alignment CERN 92-05 (1992)
1993 RF engineering for particle accelerators —
(repeat of the 1991 course)
1994 Cyclotrons, linacs and their applications Present volume
The La Hulpe school was held almost exactly 100 years after W. Rontgen's discovery
of X-rays, considered to be the first application of a particle accelerator. It was, therefore,
most appropriate to examine at the school the vast range of present-day medical,
industrial and research applications of accelerators, and the wide range of machines used
to produce the required particles. It was also most fitting to hold the school in a region
where accelerators are used for medical and research purposes as well as being
manufactured commercially for use all over the world. Certainly it was a refreshing
change to have the opportunity to concentrate for once on the lower particle energies.
In preparing the course the very significant guidance from the Centre de Recherches
du Cyclotron at the Universite Catholique du Louvain was most essential. As usual the
School's Advisory and Local Organizing Committees, especially two members of the
latter, G. Ryckewaert and N. Postiau, as well as W. Mondelaers from the Instituut voor
Nucleaire Wetenschappen, played a very large role in ensuring the course was successful.
The CERN Management again gave their generous financial and moral support and
sponsorship was also provided by the Institut Interuniversitaire des Sciences Nucleaires in
Bruxelles, the CRC, Universite Catholique de Louvain, and Ion Beam Applications (IBA) at
Louvain-la-Neuve. The tremendous effort made by the lecturers in preparing, presenting
and writing-up their allotted topics was one of the most significant items in ensuring the
success and utility of the course. Finally must be mentioned the support of the participants
in the course who came from many parts of the world and took such active interest in the
lecturers. CAS is most grateful for all the help and support mentioned above.
S. Turner, Editor
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IX
Contents
Page
Foreword
P.M. Lapostolle
Introduction to RF linear accelerators (linacs) 1
Brief history of linacs 1
Longitudinal motion. Phase stability. Acceleration by a travelling wave 2
Transverse motion. Defocusing action of the accelerating field 6
Linac accelerating structures 6
Detailed particle dynamics computation 9
Space charge effects. Intensity limits 11
Appendix 15
D.J. Warner
Fundamentals of electron linacs 17
Introduction 17
Some background history 17
The electron 18
Accelerating field and the dispersion curve 18
The accelerator design 20
Review of beam dynamics 27
The complete linac 31
Beam loading considerations 34
Some more advanced applications 36
M. Weiss
Fundamentals of ion linacs 39
Introduction 39
Empty cavities: wave types and modes 39
Loaded cavities: space harmonics, travelling and standing wave structures 42
Fundamental cavity parameters 43
Some typical ion linacs 44
Structure computations: drift tube linac 48
Action of electromagnetic fields on particles 49
Beam loading of cavities: space charge 51
The RFQ linear accelerator 52
Conclusion 57