Table Of Content150°E 75°N SIA60°N Okladnikov Cave/Denisova Cave MONGOLIA45°NJinniushanNORTH KOREAZhoukoudianOrdosSOUTH KOREADaliCHINALantianJAPAN30°NHexianBHUTANNEPALPACIFICTropic of CancerLiujiangMabaTAIWANINDIAMYANMARHONG KONG(BURMA)MACAULAOSNORTHERNBANGLADESHMARIANAOCEANVIETNAMISLANDS15°NTHAILANDPHILIPPINESKAMPUCHEAREPUBLIC OF THEMARSHALL ISLANDSSRI LANKA FEDERATED STATESBRUNEIOF MICRONESIAMALAYSIAAAAAANiah CaveEquator0°SINGAPOREBORNEO PAPUANgandongNDIAN NEW GUINEASOLOMON ISLANDSINDONESIASangiranTUVALUTrinilFlores 15°SVANUATUOCEANFIJINEW CALEDONIA Tropic of CapricornAUSTRALIA 30°SLake Mungo Kow Swamp NEW ZEALAND45°S 60°S 75°S 150°E
0°30°W60°W90°W120°W150°W30°E60°E90°E120°E ARCTICOCEANGREENLAND75°N(KALAALLIT NUNAAT)(DEN.)ArcticCircleALASKANORWAY(U.S.)RUSSWEDENFINLANDICELAND SungirESTONIALATVIADENMARKNeander CANADALITHUANIANETH.ValleyIRELANDBELARUSU. K..K.KKKKKKSpySwanscombePOLANDGERMANYYYYYRMRMRMRMRRRRYMANYMANYYMANYMANYANYANYNYMANAAMAMAMMMMGGGGGGGGGGGGGHeidelberg (Mauer)BoxgroveUKRAINELUX.XX.X.XLUUULULULLLLLGGGGG.GLGLGLGGLLLLLLGGG.LGLGGLLEEBEEBEEEEEEBBBBBELG.Mladeˇc, Pˇredmostí, Dolní VˇestoniceCZECHHHHHCCCCCCSt. CésaireKAZAKHSTANFRANCEFFSLOVAKIALOLOLOSLOOLLLSLSSSSSSSSSSSSLOLOSSLAUSTRIAAAAAAAIAAMOLDOVAMMHUNGARYNGAUNGAHUNHUNHHUNGNGHUNRUSSIAKrapinaLa ChapelleROMANIAAIAAAANINININANNANANANMAAOMAAOMAMAOMOAIAAASWITZ.1222222OaseCro Magnon3333333333DmanisiArago6BEKISSBEKIEETATSUZBEKISTANBULGARIAAtapuercaGEORGIAAAAAAAAAAKYRGYZSTANITALYYYYLYYYLYLYYYLYLYYLYLYLLLLLLY555554PetralonaTeshik TashAZERBAIJANAZZZZZAAAAAAAAAAAAAAARMENIAAAANIAAAANAAAANIAAAAAIANENNENENEEENENAAAAAACepranoSPAINPORTUGALUNITED STATESNANTURKMENISTANTURKEYTAJIKISTANGREECEGREECEGREECECGREECECCCEEEEEEEGREEEEGREEEEEEEEEEEEREEEEEREEERERERERERRGRRRRRGRGRGRGRGGGGGGGGGREGECEEEREEGREEREAZORE ISLANDSTighenifCYPRUS(PORT.)SYRSYSYRIASaléAmudTUNISIAIRAQIRANLEBANONNNNNNAFGHANISTANJebel MOROCCOOOOOOOOOOOOOCCCOOOOCCOCOCCOCCROOOROROROORRRRRRRORRRRROROROROOOOOROOOOOCOCOOOCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCOOCOShanidarISRAELLLLLLLLLRabatQafzehSkhul/TabunJORDJOJJJJORJORDANALGERIACANARY ISLANDSPAKISTAN(SP.)KUWAITLIBYAWESTERNBAHAMASEGYPTQATARMEXICOSAHARAATLANTICU. A. E.SAUDI ARABIADOMINICAN REP.CUBAToros-MenallaCAPE VERDEMAURITANIAOMANJAMAICA ISLANDSANTIGUA & BARBUDAHAITINIGERBELIZEMALIPUERTOGUADELOUPE (Fr.)SUDANERITREAHONDURASRICO (U.S.)DOMINICACHADSENEGALYEMENNETHERLANDSMARTINIQUE (Fr.)GUATEMALAGAMBIAANTILLES (NETH.)NICARAGUAHadarBARBADOSBURKINAEL SALVADORDJIBOUTIDDDOCEANGRENADAGUINEA BISSAUGUINEAMiddle Awash (Aramis, Bouri, PANAMABENINGHANATRINIDAD & TOBAGOBodoNIGERIASOMALIAIVORYVENEZUELAHerto, Dikika)COSTA RICASIERRA LEONESOUTHGUYANAETETIOPOPOIOOIOIIHHHHHHHHTHTHTHHTTTTETTETETHIOPIACENTRAL AFRICANCOASTSUDANOmoSURINAMELIBERIAREPUBLICTOGOCAMEROONFRENCH GUIANA (FR.)East and West TurkanaCOLOMBIAMALDIVESEQUAT. UGANDAAAAARWANDAKanapoiGUINEATugen HillsKENYANNNENEEKEEKKKKKENNNENENEEEKEKEKEKEEKEKEKKKKKKKKKGABONECUADORDEMOCRATICOlduvai/LaetoliSAO TOME GALAPAGOS IS.CONGOREPUBLIC& PRINCIPEBURUNDIINDIDINDINDIDIDDDDNN(ECUADOR)OF THE CONGOTANZANIAICABINDA(Angola)SEYCHELLESBRAZILPERUCOMOROS ISLANDSANGOLAZAMBIAKabweBOLIVIAMADAGASCARZIMBABWEMALAWINAMIBIAMAURITIUSBOTSWANAMOZAMBIQUEPARAGUAYWALVIS BAYSterkfontein/Swartkrans/Drimolen/MalapaCHILE(Status to beTaungdetermined)EASTER ISLANDSWAZILANDFlorisbadBorder Cave(CHILE)SOUTH H ARGENTINALESOTHOLESLEAFRICAAAAAURUGUAYKlasies River Mouth SLOVENIA1.CROATIA2.BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA3.ALBANIA4.MACEDONIA5.FALKLAND ISLANDS (U.K.)SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO6.1000 milesSOUTH GEORGIA ISLAND 1000 kilometers Antarctic Circle 75°S 0°30°W60°W90°W120°W150°W30°E60°E90°E120°E Major Fossil Hominin Sites
0 0
60°N Tropic of Cancer PACIFIC OCEAN FRENCH POLYNESIA (FR.) Tropic of Capricorn PITCAIRNISLANDS (U.K.) 60°S
TAHITI(FR.)
45°N 30°N HAWAII(U.S.)15°N Equator0° WESTERNSAMOAAMERICAN SAMOA15°SSOCIETY ISLANDS(FR.)TONGA 30°S 45°S
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
UNDERSTANDING HUMANS
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
UNDERSTANDING HUMANS
Introduction to Physical
Anthropology and
Archaeology
Eleventh Edition
Barry Lewis
Professor Emeritus, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign
Robert Jurmain
Professor Emeritus, San Jose State University
Lynn Kilgore
University of Colorado, Boulder
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore
Spain • United Kingdom • United States
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Understanding Humans: Introduction to © 2013, 2010 Wadsworth, Cengage Learning
Physical Anthropology and Archaeology,
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright
Eleventh Edition
herein may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form
Barry Lewis, Robert Jurmain, and Lynn Kilgore
or by any means graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not
Executive Editor: Mark Kerr limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web
distribution, information networks, or information storage and retrieval
Acquiring Sponsoring Editor: Erin Mitchell
systems, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976
Developmental Editor: Lin Gaylord United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of
the publisher.
Assistant Editor: Mallory Ortberg
Media Editor: John Chell
For product information and technology
Marketing Program Manager: Janay Pryor assistance, contact us at
Cengage Learning Customer & Sales Support,
Content Project Manager: Cheri Palmer
1-800-354-9706.
Art Director: Caryl Gorska
For permission to use material from this text or product,
Manufacturing Planner: Judy Inouye submit all requests online at www.cengage.com/permissions.
Further permissions questions can be e-mailed to
Rights Acquisitions Specialist: Dean Dauphinais
[email protected].
Design, Production Services, and Composition:
Hespenheide Design
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011945172
Photo Researcher: Patti Zeman, Hespenheide Design
ISBN-13: 978-1-111-83177-6
Text Researcher: Ashley Liening
ISBN-10: 1-111-83177-7
Copy Editor: Janet Greenblatt
Wadsworth
Cover Designer: Hespenheide Design 20 Davis Drive
Belmont, CA 94002-3098
Cover Image: © Rosino / www.flickr.com/photos/rosino
USA
Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions
with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United
Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office
at www.cengage.com/global.
Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson
Education, Ltd.
To learn more about Wadsworth, visit www.cengage.com/wadsworth
Purchase any of our products at your local college store or at our pre-
ferred online store www.CengageBrain.com.
Printed in the United States of America
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16 15 14 13 12
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions,
some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed
content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right
to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For
valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate
formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for
materials in your areas of interest.
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
vv
Brief Contents
Anthropology
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Anthropology
Heredity and Evolution
CHAPTER 2 The Development of Evolutionary Theory
CHAPTER 3 Heredity and Evolution
CHAPTER 4 Modern Human Variation and Adaptation
CHAPTER 5 M acroevolution: Processes of Vertebrate and Mammalian Evolution
Primates
CHAPTER 6 An Overview of the Primates
CHAPTER 7 Primate Behavior
Paleoanthropology/Fossil Hominins
CHAPTER 8 Understanding The Past: Archaeological and Paleoanthropological Methods
CHAPTER 9 Hominin Origins
CHAPTER 10 The First Dispersal of the Genus Homo: Homo erectus and Contemporaries
CHAPTER 11 Premodern Humans
CHAPTER 12 The Origin and Dispersal of Modern Humans
Archaeology
CHAPTER 13 Early Holocene Hunters and Gatherers
CHAPTER 14 Food Production
CHAPTER 15 The First Civilizations
CHAPTER 16 Biocultural Evolution and the Anthropocene
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
