Cement-Based Composites

536 Pages·2009·12.2 MB·English

by  Brandt, Andrzej M.

Cement-Based Composites
Second Edition
Materials, mechanical properties
and performance
Cement-Based Composites
Second Edition
Materials, mechanical properties
and performance
Andrzej M. Brandt
First published 1995 by E & FN Spon
This edition published 2009 by Taylor & Francis
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Taylor & Francis
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an
informa business
This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2009.
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© 1995 E & FN Spon
© 2009 Andrzej M. Brandt
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
This publication presents material of a broad scope and applicability.
Despite stringent efforts by all concerned in the publishing process,
some typographical or editorial errors may occur, and readers are
encouraged to bring these to our attention where they represent
errors of substance. The publisher and author disclaim any liability,
in whole or in part, arising from information contained in this
publication. The reader is urged to consult with an appropriate
licensed professional prior to taking any action or making any
interpretation that is within the realm of a licensed professional
practice.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Brandt, Andrzej Marek.
Cement-based composites: materials, mechanical properties, and
performance/Andrzej M. Brandt. — 2nd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Cement composites. 2. Cement composites—Mechanical
properties. 3. Reinforced concrete. I. Title.
TA438.B73 2008
620.1’35—dc22 2008022424
ISBN 0-203-88903-7 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN10: 0-415-40909-8 (hbk)
ISBN10: 0-203-88903-7 (ebk)
ISBN13: 978-0-415-40909-4 (hbk)
ISBN13: 978-0-203-88903-9 (ebk)
Contents
Preface to the fi rst edition vii
Preface to the second edition ix
1 Introduction 1
2 Composites and multiphase materials 5
3 Concrete-like composites: main kinds 39
4 Components of matrices of cement-based composites 67
5 Reinforcement of cement-based composites 110
6 Structure of cement composites 137
7 Interfaces in cement composites 184
8 Strength and deformability under short-term static load 207
9 Cracking in cement matrices and crack propagation 252
10 Fracture and failure in the structures of the material 277
11 Behaviour of cement matrix composites in various service
conditions 346
12 Design and optimization of cement-based composites 426
13 High strength and high performance concretes 459
14 Application and development of cement-based composites 496
Subject Index 518
Preface to the fi rst edition
The book is the result of the author’s studies and research over the last few
years. In that time not only has research activity created a basis of some
general and specifi c opinions, but also it was possible to gather the views and
comments of many outstanding scientists and professional engineers encoun-
tered on different occasions, including internal seminars at the Institute in
Warsaw, national and international workshops and conferences, and on visits
to universities in several countries. It is impossible to mention here all those
who on many of these occasions and in various ways agreed to share with
the author their research results, comments, doubts and opinions. Without
all the friendly contacts with numerous outstanding personalities the book
could never have appeared and very kind thoughts are addressed to them.
Given the rapid development of the science in the last few decades, a book
covering in a limited volume a relatively large scope of knowledge cannot
attempt to encapsulate all the concepts or develop them in a homogeneous
way and with equal competence. Unavoidably, advanced readers will fi nd
omissions, errors and imprecision. Some chapters are written in more detail
than others. With certain problems the author had less personal experience
than in others. All these weaknesses of the book are due to the author’s
subjective viewpoint. All fruits of human activity are imperfect and that is the
case with this book. It is the author’s hope that the most dissatisfi ed readers
will decide to write something better in the near future.
It is the author’s pleasure to present thanks and acknowledgements to
several individuals who agreed to help him in the preparation of the book.
Thanks are given to my closest co-workers in the Department of Strain
Fields of the Institute of Fundamental Technological Research (IFTR), Polish
Academy of Sciences in Warsaw, namely to Professor J. Kasperkiewicz, Dr
A. Burakiewicz, Dr M. A. Glinicki, Dr M. Marks and Dr J. Potrzebowski.
Without their cooperation in all tests and studies and their helpful discussions
it would have been impossible to prepare the book. Thanks are due to
Mr M. Sobczak, who prepared majority of drawings and participated in
some testing. Among other members of the staff of IFTR special thanks are
given to Professor W. Marks who agreed to participate in research which
completed Chapter 13. Results mentioned in Sections 10.4 and 10.5 were
viii Preface to the first edition
based on experiments carried out with competence and courage by Professor
G. Prokopski at the Cze˛stochowa Technical University.
Particularly warm thanks are due to Professor L. Kucharska from the
Wrocław Technical University who kindly agreed to read most of the chapters
and who made many useful comments and criticisms.
Partial fi nancial support in completing Chapter 13 was provided by the
National Committee for Research in Poland (Grant No. 700409101) which
is gratefully acknowledged.
The book was written while the author was a staff member of the IFTR,
Centre of Mechanics, and all support from colleagues and administration is
kindly acknowledged.
The kind cooperation and patience exhibited by the staff of Chapman &
Hall in London and particularly by Ms Susan Hodgson and Mr Nick Clarke
is acknowledged with pleasure.
Warsaw,
November 1993
Preface to the second edition
The last 10 to 20 years have been very fruitful in the development of cement-
based composites from various viewpoints: the extension of applications in
outstanding civil engineering structures, the increase of mass production of
buildings and ordinary structures, many new materials and technologies
appearing on the market, and also considerable development of new methods
of testing, computation and modelling. That is why the manuals and textbooks
in this fi eld have a relatively short life: they become obsolete quickly, and new
ones are needed by the same groups of readers.
There is a growing importance attached to having relevant information on
various aspects of these materials, presented comprehensively and covering
other related fi elds. The principal aim of this book is to provide an overview
of the present state of knowledge and technology in this quickly developing
area of cement-based materials. These materials play an increasing role in our
world where a growing population and its rightful expectations of building
and civil engineering facilities create new challenges to all involved in this
fi eld.
The needs in various countries and regions of the world are different because
of the level of development, climatic conditions, traditions and so on, but
the raw materials for concrete-like composites are similar and basic laws of
physics, chemistry and economics are the same. That is why the knowledge
and technology of materials are created and exploited at the world level and
there is rational understanding of their importance. We should be aware of
how a large portion of national and regional resources are devoted to con-
structing and maintaining all buildings and civil engineering infrastructure,
and how much may be gained or lost through more or less appropriate design
and execution of all these facilities: buildings, roads, bridges, airports, dams,
harbours, and the like. The quality and longevity of infrastructure are directly
related to the sustainable development that is vital for all countries. And most
of the infrastructure is made with concrete.
The book is aimed at students of building faculties, at professional engi-
neers and at researchers who want to be familiar with the modern approach
to the mechanics of cement-based composites. The information presented
here should also help to deal with new materials that will appear on the
x Preface to the second edition
market or that will have some application in coming years. Without any
doubt, it is not possible to include all theoretical and applied information on
such a vast subject in one modest book. The author may only expect that for
all interested readers the book will provide the basis by which they may begin
to solve their own particular problems by further reading and developing
their own research and experience.
In preparing this second edition the author has tried to create a volume
similar to the fi rst one. However, there has been great progress in the number
and value of new products and technologies, testing methods and test results,
many of them interesting and worth studying. Therefore, it has been neces-
sary to carry out a severe but subjective selection process. This is well visible
in the lists of references, which have been limited and so do not contain
many valuable papers and books. Their authors are asked to forgive these
omissions – many of the omitted works have been carefully studied and have
helped signifi cantly to create an overall picture of the present situation in the
vast fi eld of cement-based composites.
As for the fi rst edition, the author is grateful to all mentioned previously,
and particularly to Professor Michał A. Glinicki and Dr Daria Józ´wiak-
Niedz´wiedzka for useful discussions on a few selected items. The support
from all colleagues at the Section of Strain Fields and administration of
the Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of
Sciences, in Warsaw, is kindly acknowledged.
The kind cooperation and patience exhibited by the staff of Taylor &
Francis in Milton Park, Abingdon, UK, and particularly by Mr Simon Bates,
is acknowledged with pleasure. Thanks are addressed to Ms Camille Lowe
from Pindar NZ for her friendly and effi cient coordination of all works
during the fi nal stage of preparation of the book.The author is thankful to T
& F for their suggestions related to the second edition of my book.
Warsaw,
April 2008