Capsicum: The genus Capsicum (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Industrial Profiles)

296 Pages·2003·19.48 MB·English

by  Amit Krishna De

Medicinal and aromatic plants - industrial profiles
Individual volumes in this series provide both industry and academia
with in-depth coverage of one major medicinal or aromatic plant of industrial
importance.
Edited by Dr Roland Hardman
Volume 1 Volume 18
Vnkrinn. edited by Peter J,H oughton rirteiiilsia. edited by Colin \V. \\Xivigl~t
"Volume 2 Volume 19
Periil~e~d,i ted by He-ci YLI. Ken~clKi~o suna Stez~ne, dited by A. Douglas Kinghorn
and Meg~imlH aga
Volume 20
Volume -3 liet~cerine, clited by hlass~rnoh Iafki
Popp}, edited by Jeno BernBth
Volume 2 1
Volume 4 Xnl.i-iri~isa dD aji;iclz!, ed~tedb y Gorcloii R. Hanks
Caiztmbii, edited by David T. Brown
Volume 22
Volume i E~ical}ptus.e dited by John J.\Yr.C oppen
Seen2, edited by H.S. Puri
Volume 23
Volume 6 P~ieiiwiae, dited by W~ngM ing Keung
Ergot, edited bl- Vladinlir Klen and Lad~slavC vak
Volume 21
Volume TLI~IeIdMit,e d by E. Sral~l-Biskupa nd F. Sjez
Cai;ili'q,e d~tecbi y ~ vNa6m etl1
Voluine 23
Volume S Oregano, edited by Spiricloii E. K~ntzios
SL$~+OIZe, d~tedb y RIoshe Negbi
Volume 26
Volume 9 C;tr.;ir, edited by Giovanni Dugo and
Tea Tree, edited by Ian So~~thwealnid Robert Lowe Angelo Di G~acomo
Volume 10 Volun~e2 -
Basii, edited by Raimo H~ltunenan d Yvonne Holm Gelzrnr~inza iz~iPeInrgo~~eid~iitie~d, by
Maria Lis-Balchin
Volume 11
Feiz/igrz.ek,e d~tedb y Georgios Petropoulos Volume 28
~Vlag~oliend,i ted by Satyajit D. Sarker and
Volume 12 Yuji hlarupama
G111~khoi iobn, edited by Teris A. Van Beek
Volume 29
17olume l3 Lazrnder, edited by hfaria Lis-Balchtn
Bl~r&P epper. edited by P.N. Ravindran
T7olurne 30
Volume l1 Curd~rii~oieiid, ited by P.N. Raviildran and
Sage, edited by Spiridon E. Kintzios K.J. i\fadhusoodanan
Volume 15 Volurne 31
Gi?iirrzg,e d~redb y W E .C ourt H)periciiii2, ed~tedb y Edzard Ernst
Volume 16 T7olume 32
iiliitletoe, edited by Arndt Biissing T~txuse, d~tedb y H. Itokawa aid K.-H. Lee
Volume 1' T7oIume 35
Ten, eclited by Yong-su Zhen Cnp~ir~iieizd,i ted by Am~Kt r~slioaD e
Capsicum
The genus Cdpsicanz
Edited by Amit Krishna De
Taylor 6 Francis
Taylor &Francis Croup
LONDON AND NEW YORK
Flrst published 200:
by Ta>lor & Francis
11 New Fetter Lane, Londoii EC4P -TEE
Simultaneous1)- published iii the USA and Canada
by Taylor & Francis Inc.
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C 2003 Taylor K- Francis Ltd
Tlpeset in Garamond b)
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Printed and bound in Great Britain by
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All rights reserved. No part ofthis book may be reprinted or reproduced
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omissioiis that may be rn,lde. In the case otdrug administration, any inedical
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you are strongly advi\ed to consult the manufacturer's gutdtlines.
Bi.ztiih L11~~iiC.l aiaiog/i/;lgi n P/ibl~inr~uDna ta
A catalogue record for this book is available iron1 the Br~tislLi ibrary
Llhriq of Congreis CIzt'ilog~ng/i z Plib//rt~t/D~ai~ta
C.?)i/miii , the grow Cr~Pp,ic/~i' ize dited bj- Ainit Krishna De.
p. ; cm. - (Lledicinal and aromatic plants - industrial profiles ; v. 3 3)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
l. Peppers. 2. Peppers - Thrrapeut~cu se.
IDNLhI. l Capsicum. 2. Plants. Edible, -3.P lants, XIedriinal. QK
98 .5 .A1C 254 200il I. De, Amit Krishna. 11. Series.
SBiO-.PI C36 LOO?
633 8'1-dc21
ISBN 0-415-29991-8 (HB : alk, piper)
Contents
LZS? 0ffi@?~ vii
List qf table X
...
About the editov Xlll
Lisr of~~o~tributors xiv
Pvej%ce to the series xvi
...
Pvgdce XVlll
Capsicum: historical and botanical perspectives
SAIKAT KLIhfAK BASU AND AhIIT KRISEIhA DE
A glimpse of the world trade in Capsiczun
P S S THIhIPI
Chemistry and quality control of Capsicums and Capsicum products
J 5 PRTJTHI
Pungency principles in Capsicz~-?~ a~na lytical
determinations and toxicology
P hIA\IRAKJZ,A A CO\ACI AND 1 ' SCHEI'FNS
Biosynthesis of capsaicinoids in Capsicunz
KEIkO ISHSKA\TA
Biotechnolog~casl tudies on Capsicum for metabolite production and
plant improvement
G h RAVSSfIAhKAR B SLRESH P GIRIIIHAR h RAhIACHAhDRA RA0
Ahl> l SUDIIAKAR JOHUSOh
Irrigational aspects of Capsicun?
L H hASK
The cultivation and processing of Cclpsicuiz in India
K V PEIER P Ii\DIRA ANDC hfI\JI
The preservation and production of Capsicz~min Hungary
UORBFR'I SOAIOGYI ?IOOR ANDREA AYD PEK hIIKLO5
Post-harvest handling and processing of Capsicums
V PRAKASH ASD TV E EIPFSOS
11 Advances in post-harvest processing technologies of Capsicunz
], S PRUTIII
12 The storage of Capsicum
H S YOGEESHA AhD RAhIF GO\VDA
13 Current requirements on paprika powder for food industry
H J. BUCKEKH~SKES
14 Adulterants, contaminants and pollutants in Capsicum products
J CHAKRABARTI Ahi) B K KOY
15 Colour differences in peppers and paprikas
RICARDO GOhIEZ LADROU DE G1 EVARA JObE E PARDO GONLALLZ
ANDRES ALVARKLIZ-BLRAILJO hIA\UFL GOULALEZ-KAhlOS AND
RAhIOh \lAROh CASTLLLXUOh
16 Future perspectives of capsaicin research
J SZOLCSANYI
Index
Figures
4.1 Chemical structures of capsaicinoid compounds 73
4.2 Individual capsaicinoid contribution to total capsaicinoids in relation
with age of flowering in Capsicum fruit pericarp and placenta 75
4.3 Capsaicinoids biosynthetic pathway 75
4.4 GC chromatogram of capsaicinoids obtained with a 14% cyanopropylphenyli
86% methyl stationary phase, 30 m X 9.25 mm i.d. X 0.25 pm film thickness 79
4.5 Mass spectrum of product ions generated by collision-induced dissociations
of capsaicin at m/z 306 81
4.6 Typical selected reaction monitoring profile from the analysis of
capsaicinoids by LC-MS-MS 81
5.1 Proposed biosynthetic pathway of capsaicinoids 88
5.2 Accumulation of CAPS in the placentas of C. annuum L. ‘Jalapefio’
and C. annuuin L. ‘Shimofusa’ 90
5.3 Accumulation of phenylpropanoids (C,-C3) and vanillylamine (VA) in
the placentas of C. annuunz L. ‘Jalapefio’ and C. annuunz L. ‘Shimofusa’ 91
5.4 The contents of capsaicinoids in various organs 92
5.5 Typical flow cytometric histograms of the nuclei isolated from (a) a young
diploid leaf and (b) a young tetraploid leaf 93
5.6 Typical fruits of (a) diploid and (b) tetraploid ‘Shishitoh’ 93
6.1 Proposed biosynthetic pathway of capsaicin and vanillin 103
6.2 Structure of major carotenoids of Capsicum 106
6.3 A protocol for extraction of capsaicinoids and carotenoids by using
three extraction options: water, industrial alcohol, ethanol 109
6.4 Influence of feeding intermediate metabolites (added individually at
2.5 mM final conc.) on capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin formation in
immobilized placenta of C. fiutescens 111
6.5 Probable biosynthetic pathway of vanillin from protocatechuic aldehyde
in C. frzttescens cell cultures 112
6.6 HPLC profile of authentic vanilla flavoured metabolites (a), coniferyl
aldehyde-fed Capsicum cultures (b) and natural vanilla
extract (c) 113
6.7 (a) Structure of 0-cyclodextrin. (b) Molecular shape of 0-cyclodextrin 114
6.8 Growth pattern, accumulation of vanilla flavoured metaboli tes and
capsaicin in 1.25 mM (a) and 2.5 mM (b) isoeugenol-fed immobilized
C. fiutescens cell cultures 115
viii 2
Possible biosynthetic pathway of vanillin formation from isoeugenol
Lab scale col~lmnre actor for immobilized cells of C. Jl.zite.iceizs for capsaicin
production
The fish soup of Szeged that is made with Hungarian style paprika is
a typical Hungarian dish
Sunshine-hours in Szeged (Hungary) during the period 1966-2000
Average sunshine-hours in Szeged (Hungary) during the period
1966-2000
Annual precipitation and evaporation in Szeged (Hungary) during the
period 1966-2000
The montl~lpa verage precipitation and evaporation (mm) in Szeged
(Hungary) during the period 1975-2000
The relative air humidity (S)in Szeged (Hungary) during the period
1975-2000
Average temperatures in Szeged (Hungary) during the period 1966-2000
Annual sunshine-hours and annual medium temperature in Szeged
(Hungary) during the period 1966-2000
The "Szegedi 80" non-hot paprika variety
The "Szegedi F-03" hot paprika variety
The "Kalocsai M 622" non-hot paprika variety
The "Kalocsai M cseresznye" cherry type paprika variety
Tlle traditional pre-drying and post-maturation method of paprika
Solar-cabinet drier
A schematic drawing of the improved solar drier for spices
Flow-sheet on optimum artificial dryingldehydration of chillies
IARI chilli pricking or punching machine
Chilli seed extractor
Schematic drawing of a freeze-grinding (Cryomill process) installation
The flow diagram for the process of fractionation of chillies
developed at the CFTRI
Flow-sheet for separating a highly pungent oleoresin fraction and
a nat~~rraeld colour fraction free from pungency
Preparation of oleoresin in a solvent extraction plant
Solvent recovery system of oleoresins
The process flon7 diagram for chilli pureelpaste
Points in the CIELAB colour space corresponding to the red fruits of
the different assayed varieties in GH and in OA
Plot of the points corresponding to the pairs in both cultivation
conditions, OA and GH, as well as tlze corresponding
regression lines
Evolution of colour in paprika obtained from the Ocal variety grown in
both cultivation conditions and stored in the four conditions considered
Chemical structure of capsaicin and resiniferatoxin
Domain structure of the capsaicin VR1 receptor
Pain responses to the application of different solutions to the blister base
of the forearm before (a) and 40 min after (b) the area was bathed
in a solution of capsaicin (10 inglml) for 5 min
16.4 Responses of a C-polymodal nociceptor of the rabbit ear to repeated
close arterial injections of bradykinin before (a) and after (b) 5 X 200 l~lg
capsaicin was injected into the main artery of the ear
16.5 Schematic representation of intracellular pathn~aysa ctivated by
bradykinin and capsaicin in a capsaicin-sensitive sensory neuron