Table Of ContentTThhee LLeepipdiopdteorpoltoegircaollSoocgieitycal Society ooff JJaapapnan
uetwh 7)ans. iepiSdoc.Jdpan 53(1):27-44,January2002
Butterflie ass an indicato rof the natural environment-an attempt at
monitoring at a private house garden in Oita, Japan
Akira MJyATAD", Yatsukaho IKEDAi) ,Hideo HAsEGAwAi), Akiko FunsAKIi )and H. S, YoNG2)
i}Department of Biology ,Oita Medical Universit yH,asama, Oita Pref, 879-5593 Japan
2}Institut SainsBiologi,UniversitiMalaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Abstract Butterf lwyatching was carried out at a small house garden of Fujimigaoka New
Town, Oita City ,for three year sfrom 1998 to 2000. In contrast to the "route census method",
we did not have a fixe dtime for butterf lobyservation because ofworking during the daytime in
another place, and also not always being at home during holidays. Hence, observation was
carried out only at certain times, However, we fixe dan observation place in the garden of
Miyata' shouse and several meters around i tto be able to watch and to identi fbyutteMies .Even
under such limitin gconditions, a total of fift sypecies of butterf iwyas observed in the garden
during the period .In the presen tpaper ,yearl yand monthly appearances ofeach species and also
frequenc yof it snumbers were evaluated by total number of appearance days in each year and
for three years ,and the number of individua lisn each halfmonth classified into three grades as
shown in Table 1. The number of butterf lsypecies observed during the holiday was always
more than that on woekdays. During the summer season, most of the butterflie sa,bout 70 to
100% of butterfi iseesen in a day, appeared befor enoen, especially from eight to ten o7clock in
the morning. We believe that if during every holiday the observer could stay in his heuse until
ten o'clock in the rnorning, he could observe almost all species that would appear in his garden
in a year . Therefore ,our method may be recommended as a usefu1 method of monitoring
butterflie sinstead of the "route census method".
Key words Butterfly watching, monitoring of natural environment, new observation method,
route census method,
The Committee of the N4ture Conservatio nof the Lepidopterologic aSlociet yof Japan
appealed to rnembers of the Societ yin 1998 to begin the actiyity of monitoring butterfi iiens
each house garden . The fir satuthor accepted the proposa land continued butterf lwaytching
at a small house garden of Fujimigaeka, Oita City, fbr three years ,He began watching
casually without much though tb,ut soon he became enthusiastic becaus eeven in his small
garden he found very interesti nbgehavior sfor each butterf lsypecies (Miyat a19,99 ,2000a,
2000b, and 2oo1) . However, afler three years of observation at Fujimigaoka ,he wanted to
have a smal1 privat einstitut ein Kokonoe Highland, Oita Prefecture ,for the observation of
insoc tbehavior ,especially Lepidoptera .The institu toepened at the end of 2000 as the
Kokonoe Institu toef Natural History ,.Then, he began te observe insec tbehavior every
weekend and during holiday sin the Highland, and he gould not continue to observe
butterfl ieats Faj.imigaok aexcept in the morning and the evening during weekdays.
Therefbre ,he wanted to discontinu ebutterf iwyatching at Fojimigaoka in November 2000.
Recently, we collaborated to reexamine his data in detai 1and through our discussion
compiled the data into the presen tpaper,
' Corresponding author: Akira Miyata, e-mail: [email protected]
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Method of observation
1. The observation place is a small privat egarden of Miyata' shouse (th eGarden in the
presen tpaper) and several meters outside around the Garden, which is situated at 18-16
Ftlj'imigaokNaew Town, OitaCity(about80meters level;N33"10',E131C23').
above sea
The size of the Garden includin gthe buildin gis 14 meters from east to west and 14,5 9meters
from south to north.
2, The house is situated on the westem part of Fujimigaoka; it sentrance epens to the road
on the south side. The Garden ls divide dfbr convenience into 5 areas (A, B, C, D, and E
as shown in Fig. 1 of Miyata, 2000). The area D is halffsurrounded by Abeila grandijibra
on the south and west sides, and rnany flowering plant sgrew there seasonally. During the
three years of observation, most of the butterfi iweerse observed in the area D, Therefbre i,n
the presen tpaper ,"the Garden" generall yrefers to area D.
3. All observations throughout the three years were by the fir satuthor. Every butterfly
observed at the Garden was recorded with the time and weather at the moment of its
appearance. Even when a butterfl yfiew out for a moment only, he recorded it by
identificat iboansed on his fir sitmpression .In the latte rcase, sometime the identification
was rather diMcult and could be wrong. Therefore ,when a butterf ifyirs atppeared in the
Garden, he tried to capture it for identificatio ni;f he laile dto capture it ,he did not record
it unless he was convinced of the identification,
4. In contrast to the so-cal]ed "route census method", he did not adopt a fixe dtime for
observation because he was working during the daytime at a university laborator ysituated in
a differ epnltaoe .Furthermore ,the observation was not canied out regularly,
5. He butterfly but butterflies
preserved several specimens as a sample, most ofthe captured
were released after identificati onH.e bred the larva efound in the Garden, and individuals
that emerged were released after marking. In addition, he marked many butterfl iceasught
in the Garden to find out whether they returned. However, he did not recover marked
individua elxcsept in the case of two species, perhaps because on weekdays his observation
time was too short to see them even if they came back again, As a rare exception, he
observed that Mycalasi sgotama and }(Pthim aargus stayed in the garden for several days
(Miyata2o,o1).
Natural enyironment of the obseryation area (Fi g1.)
The development ofFuj'imigaoka New Town, Oita City ,began in the 1970s. In the middle
of 1980, most of remaining trees in the western 1/3 of the presen ttown were cut down and
the surface soil was taken off completely by bulldozer s,The area was without green plants
but with exposed brown soil fbr a long tjme, In 1986 ,the place ofMiyata's house was still
barren, and building ofthe house began that year , After that, many other houses were bui[t
gradually and trees were replanted by the owners of new houses.
As shown on the map, FLlj-imigao kias situated on the northern slope of a low hill .The
hillto pcontains fiel dosf rice and other crops belonging to the small settlements of Tabuki
and Megusuno, both of which belong to Notsuharu Town, which is administratively net part
of Oita City . The highes tpart of the hil lis about 130 meters above sea level .Frorn old
times, there were field osf rice and other crops, plantation osf Morus bomtp,ci sfor breeding
of silk worm, and 2uerc uacsutissima fo rfirewood and fbr cultivation of Lentinu sedbdes,
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Butterflie sas an IndicaLor of Envlronment 29
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Fig，1． The map of Fujimigaoka New Town and neighboring area．
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More recently there were plantation osf Cαstane α crenata and CitFus unshiu ． However ，
，
s ondary f（）rests of miscellaneous small tr s still remain on the higher palt of the hilL
There are σ｝ptomeri／aaponica ， bamboo Phyllostach ysspp ．ρuercus glauca Ficza gerecta
， ，
etc ， The southern part of the h川top is an abrupt cliff that gQes down about 50 meters to
the Nanase R ｛ver basin． The river winds it sway from west to east through the basin． The
wide overfiLowing area of the river has b n used as cu 正tivation area since several hundred
一
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30 Akira MTyATA, Yatsukaho IKEDA, Hideo HAsEGAwA, Akiko FuJisAKi and H, S. YoNG
years ago. Over the area other mountains, about 600 meters for the highes tone, run from
nonh to south. Therefbre ,Fiijimigaok ais surrounded by a Golf Course in the west and
field osfvarious crops in the other three direction s.The other mountains are not connocted
directlyto Fujimigaoka.
Native farmer sliv ealong the northern hillsi dneear route 210 and near the southern hilltop.
Administrativel tyh,e forme rbelongs to Oita City and the latt etor Notsuharu Town. The
distance separating the two communities is les sthan two kilometer sb,ut each community has
it sown Shinto shrine. This indicate tshat previousl tyhey had no cultural exchange such as
marriage etc. Fojimigaoka New Town was developed as a terraced land on the northern
slope between the twe areas. However we do not know the original vegetation befbre
development because al1 the plant sand sui:face soil were removed. According to a vegeta-
tion map of Oita-prefbet uprueblished in 1976 ,Fojimigaoka was covered by Rhododendron
-Pinetum azuamanum, Summergreen Oak fores tasnd rice fields , Miyata' shouse is situated
on the western part of the New Town near the Golf Course. The site might have been
occupied previousi yby Surnmergree nOak forest s,At presen tseyeral tall trees remain in a
somewhat abrupt slope betwoen the New Town and the farmer' ssettlement.
Miyata' shouse was completed in June 1987 , He live dther efbr two years until 1989 . Then,
he inforeign Malaysia,Indonesia,China Dominican Republic;
worked countries such as and
in the Ias tcountry he spent almost three years , He returned to the house in 1995 ,and until
now he is livin gthere. During the firs ttwo years from 1987, he did not hear the cicada's
voice in summer and never saw reptiles or amphibians in the Garden. Since 1996, he saw
a couple ･of kanahebi lizard s(7-bkydeo ntiatchAydseomoidles) and Japanose toads (Bzijro
japonieu san)d, heard the voices of several species of cicadar(lrapmpsTxhaa nigrqfuscata,
aMptotympana focia dMsei,muna opalZfer aP,lampleura kanu?Lfe rian,d finall y7lrnna
j'aponenstisnAugust2000inthe Garden,
ln 1998, the new campus of a Nurses' College was buil ton the southern hill belongin gto
Notsuhani Town, and most of the original trees there were cut down. In 1999, 'a Milk
Company oocupied the other large square. Again many troes were cut down, and all the rice
fiel dosn the hil ldisappeare dcompletely. This destructi omnay affect the insec tfauna of
FLijjmigaok a.Unfbrtunately, we have no record of butterfl ieons the hil lbefbre the
destruction fragmental
except our obseryation,
Results
Monitoring of butterfi iweass carried out at the Garden of Miyata' shouse of Fojimigaoka
New Town fbrthree yearsfrom 1998 to 2000.
In 1998 ,I'2Tnes siandua was the fir sbtutterf lseyen on March 15, and Eurema hecabe the 1ast
on December 19 . A total of36 species ofbutterfly was recorded at the Garden in that year,
During 280 day sfrom the firs tto the las tobservation day, he watched butterfl ifebsr a total
of 103 days . Of the 103 days ,63 were holiday sincludin gSaturday ,Sunday and National
Holiday, The number ofholidays in the 280 days was 90 days, therefbre 63 days constituted
70% of the total holidays .Of the total of 190 weekdays butterfl ywatching was conducted
on 40days (21% ).This means that more butterf loybservations were cenducted during
holiday sthan weekdays. The average number of butterfl yspecies was 5 on 63 holidays, 1
species on 20 weekdays, and 2-3 species on the remaining 20 weekdays. Ahhough he often
went shopping or do something during the holiday, the observation time during holiday,
especially in the morning, was longe rthan that of the usual weekday.
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Butterfl iaess an Indicato rof Environment 31
In 1999 ,the fir sbtutterf ltyo be observed was M indua on March 27, and the las twas the same
species on December 29. Butterfli ewsere observed on. a total of 120days out of 278days
between March 27 and December 29. A total of38 species was observed in the year, As
in the previous year, more butterfl iweerse observed during holiday sthan weekdays.
In 2000, the fir sbtutterf ltyo be observed was again Z incfib aon February 11 and E hecabe,
ArgyreiL sh;l{peth ianuds Zizeeria maha were the las ton November 2. A total of 36 species
was seen in the year, As describ eabdove, the firs atuthor buil ta new institu tien Kokonoe
Highland and he stayed there every holiday and stopped the monitoring at Fajimigaoka . Jf
observation was continued until December, he might have recorded butterfi iuenstil the
middle of December, because even in Kokonoe the average temperature was higher than that
of usual years until the end of the month. Fig. 2 shows graphicall tyhe monthly changes of
species number in butterfl iaends cumulative increas oef species, with rainfal1 and the highest,
the ayerage and the lowest temperatures in Oita City.
During the three years of observation, the fbllowin g50 butterf lspyecies were present in the
Garden (th feigur ein parenthesis shows the total number of days the species was observed in
throeyears).
A: Specie sobserved every year (2 6species)
Paptil oxuthus (17 5days) ,Zizeeria maha (16 7days) ,Papi2lo memnon (15 5days) ,Aigyreus
hjmpeth i(u1s4 d7ays) ,Eurema hecabe (l2 d3ays) ,IPthima argtns (9 1days) P,ieni srapae (85
days) ,Reftzpid amsathins (6 7days) ,Pcr,:na rgauttata (5 8days) ,Rapthb protenor (5 8days),
IVdvathurajaponic(a54days),Pieiis (50days),Mycalasis (39days),IVbto-
melete gotama
c,:Mpta curvijirscia (3 1days) ,Graphium sat;pedon (29 days) ,Vdnessa indea (2 7days) ,Aibptts
sappho (2 5days) ,Rapiglo helenu (s2 5days) ,Po4{gonia c-aureum (1 6days) ,Curet iascuta (12
days) ,Cvnast itsityodnmas (1 0days) ,]Rapitlib bianor (5 days) ,Rapili omachaon (5 days),
Ladbga camiZZtz (5 days) ,Mbinniti pshedima (5 days) ,Ctilastn' napalgi'ola s(4 days)
B: Specie sobserved in two years (8 species)
lycaen aphlaeas (9 days) ,Lethe dinna ( 7days) ,Kantska canace (4 days) ,IVizop egaschkevit-
schti (4 days) ,Evenes argiadas (4 days) ,Polytremis peUucidd (4 days) ,Apatura metts (2 days),
Parantiea sita (2 days)
C: Specie sobserved in only one year (1 6species)
Daimio tedys (2 days), lsoteinon lamprospi h(t2 sdays) ,Cynthk czaidui (2 days) ,Lampides
boeticu s(3 days) ,7Virirath ubraazalLL (s2 days) ,Papillo macdontzLs (1 day) ,Byasa aloinous (1
day) ,(]raphium dbson (1 day), Cbfia serate ( 1day), Anthocha,i sscolymus ( 1day),
Ab;mphads xanthomeins (1 day) ,Hkstina J'aponica (1 day) ,Mycalesi sfrancts (c1a day),
Minots dTyas (1 day) ,LiZu7the aceltis ( 1day), Ochlocle sochraceus ( 1day)
Butterfi itehsa toocurred every year fbr three years totaled 26 species. Among them, five
species did not appear more than ten days in total. Their frequenc yof appeaiance is
apparently not higher than that oftwo species liste idn B. In contrast most ofthe 15 species
liste idn A were quite common in the Garden and it was easy to discove rtheir larva ein the
Garden and neighboring area, because their fbod plant swere growing there, The presence
of thei rfbod plant sin the neighboring area was very important fbr thei rappearance. For
example, Kaniska canace was not seen in 1998 ,but after planting the foed plant (7>icyrtts
hirta )in t999 ,it slarva esoen appeared on the plant ,and the adult butterfl ywas observed near
the breedin gplace . After that, we hope to see them every year in the Garden. In the case
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of Paptil omachaon, the butterf iways uncommon, but it slarva ewere rather common on its
fbod plants aJtptotaeni acanaclensts and 1ioenictti nvumigare.
Sixtee nspecies liste din C were apparently very rare species in our place ;ten ofthem were
observed only one time each.
The maximum number of butterf lsypecies observed fbr one day in 1998 was 11 species.
More than 12 species were observed four times in totaFthree times in July and one time in
August--fbr two years ,1999-2000. In these four times, fiv especieyPapillo xuthus, R
memnon, R protenor, Eunema heeabe and A7gyreus hypenbiusew eobrseerved with certain-
ty. These fiv especies were regular visitors te the Garden in surnmer season:
July 24, 1999, Saturda"above fiv especies, Papili ohelenus ,R machentus, IVept tssappho,
YPthim aargus, Zizeeri amaha, Daimio tethys ,PelQpidd smathias, and Parnam guttat a(13 f
species);
August 7, 1999, Saturday fiv especies, Papillo helenus ,R machaon, Piefi smelete, }iPthima
Ziteeria Peitzpidds Parnara (12
argtrs, maha, mathias, and gtittat a species);
July I6, 2000, Sundayrfive species, PapiZio heienus ,R bianor ,Pieti grapae, YPthima argus,
7Vltnanthura japonic las,oteinon lampraspih{ san,d Nbtocr:)tp tacurvijZiscia (12 species); and
July 23, 2000, Sunday-five species, Grqphium sarpedon, Pieii smelete, Ziteen' amaha,
IVaranthur a,fapanica, ?Vbtocirz pctuarvCfascia, Peloj)idd smathias, and Rarnara guttata (12
species),
Time of appearanee of butterfl iyn a day
According to Ae (1997 t>h,e route census method in Monks Weod National Conservation
Area of Nature, England, requires that the observer must be walking through a regular route
for the fixe dfiv ehour from 10,45 a.m. until 3.45 p,m, and must record all butterfi iapepsearing.
Such fixatio nof ebservation time may not be suitable fbr ditlere ngteographical situations.
We have only fragmental data for this, because our observation time was limited as mentioned
above. However, in the summer season at Oita City, most butterfi yspecies seemed to appear
in the garden from 7,oo a,m. to 12,oo noon, especially from 8,OO a,m, to 10,O Oa,m. After
1 1.oo a.m. the number of butterf lsypecies and individua laspparently decreased ,and until
evening they took afternoon rest. At about 4,OO to 4,30 p,m, the number of species and
individual sincrease dagain graduall yand after 6,OO p,m. most of them disappeared .In
conclusion, during summer season 70 to 1oo% of the butterfl ioefs the day were observed in
the morning. When it rained, almost all the butterfi ideissappeare dand reappeared when
weather condition recovered. An exceptionally larg enumber of butterfl iaepspeared on a
fine day fbllowin gseveral rainy days . In spring and autumn, the time of appearance of
butterfi iweass late rc,oupled with early disappearanc ecompared to the summer season, As
above mentioned, it seems that temperature and humidity might affect butterf iayctivity (Fig.
2), but we do not have enough data to discus sthis problem.
Seasonally July had the greate sbtutterfl yactivity in Fujimigaoka, with a total ef 20 species
recorded in 1998 ,24 species in 1999 and 25 species in 2000. August was also a good month.
Of the other months, May was good with I3-19 species recorded in three years , For
example, 19 species were observed in May 1999 ;among them were very rare species:
(Iraphium dbson, Cblla seflcxte and Anthochari sscolymus were recorded for the fir sttime in
the Garden but were never seen again, June was not a good season, with the butterfiy
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Butterfli aess an Indicato rof Environment 33
soP:!o pt.FSp--:k
tsDE]cerYuptalth .de-w'
EExt-re#
g,,g,g ..i
1 998 Jan Feb Mer Apr May tufi ju± Aug sep oet tslo vpec Jap Feb Mar Aps Mcy Jum All Aug Sep Oct Nov Oec
.ielt-f---lk
f
ygggEe tsne==m･!vooaut
EE=sse
1999 smn Fab Me( Apr Nay Aia )M Aug sep oct ibv oec Jafi .Feb Mar Apr Msy SJn Jut Aug Sep Oet Nov Dec
y=v.Sg.e tsnE28'5octut
E
Ext's
2000 jan Feb Mar Apr Mqy Jun jul Aeg Sep ctt hbv Oec Jan Feb Mar Apr Mgy Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nev Dec
e the highest temperatUfe tr cumulative increas eof species
A average temperature
B the levves ttemperature
Fig. 2. Monthly changes ofspecies number in butterfli aensd cumulative increase ofspecies
(righ ta)nd temperatures and rainfa11 (left).
activity apparently dropping sharply. This sharp drop was observed every year ,and individ-
ual numbers decline dfbr a time even in regular members such as PapiZlo xuthus and R
memnon (Tab ]1e) . From the breeding of these butterf llyarvae ,the period of decline
corresponded to the larva lpeTiod originating firo meggs of the firs tgeneratio nfemales.
During May and June, their growth was slower than that in summer, and thei radult number
decrease dtemporarily, Espociall iyn the most common species, R xuthtts, where the adult
was not observed in the latte hralfofMay througheut all three years .In R memnon and R
protenor, adults were very few in the fir shtalf of June. Although the rainy season might
cause the declin eof butterfl ynumbers in June, the lower temperature in this period appears
to be more impertant as the growth of larv awas slower than mid summer. At the beginning
of July ,despit erainy days stil lcontinuing the temperature was already going up, and R
niemnon and R proteno rwere observed often flyin gactively even on rainy days.
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In September ,October and November, we believ ethat the weather conditions and tempera-
ture were very favorabl eto butterf layctivity, For example, in October of 1998, 19 species
were recorded in a month; among them four species were recorded for the firs ttime in the
year, Generall yafter September butterf inyumbers decreased graduall y,in proportio nto the
drop in temperature (Fi g2.). If the observation day was very fine ,even in autumn, many
specles were seen.
A total of 50 species ofbutterffy was recorded in the Garden fbr three years (1998-20 00I)t,
comprised about 40% of the butterf isypecies recorded in Oit aPrefecture by Miyake and
Tamashima (1999 )T,he abundance and declin ein number in each butterfi yspecies are
give inn Table 1 , Two methods were used fo revaluation ofindividual numbers as fbllows:
First c,alculation oftotal number ofdays in which the species was observed in each year ,and
the grand total number of days in three years . Because ,in most species, individua lnumber
usualIy corresponded with the total number of days . Common or abundant species might
appear often or every day, therefore total number ofdays is useful fo revaluation ofindividual
number.
However, if individua lnumbers were very larg ebut appearance was not frequen tt,he total
number ofdays of such species was not so Iarge ,Therefore ,we used a second method of
evaluation, in which the individua lnumber of each half month was used to evaluate by
fbllowin gthree levels:
C/: Very rare species. Seen only one day or only one individual recorded in ahalfmonth.
@: Common species. Seen for 2-4 days or 2-4 individua lsseen in a half month.
e: Abundant species. Seen more than 5days or 5 individual sseen in ahalf month.
The fus thalfimont hmeans days 1-l5, the latte hralfimonth days 16-30 (o r31) in each month.
Therefbre, the predominant species in the Garden had high total number of appearance days
and many black circles. In rare exception, j tis clear by marking that the same individuals
of Mycalesi sgotama and }iPthim aargtts appeared continually for several days , However,
we counted in the table al 1thedays that thebutterily appeared as the total number ofdays,
even ifi twas the same individua l.We attempted to mark some other species such as Popifib
xuthus, R memnon, Afgyreus iijpethi usE,urema hecabe ;RibTi svapae and A melete, but
these rnarked individua lwsere never re-observed at the Garden.
The fbllowin gfift sypecies were recorded in three years.
Family Papilionidae(10
species)
1) PapiZl imebmnon thunbergii tlrV-}7ti,x
Next to PapnVO xuthus and Zizeeria maha, this was the third commonest species, It
was observed in 155 days Dyer the three years ,and was one of the regular members at
the Garden from April to October . Its larva often appeared on atrus sp. Especially
from April to June, many larva ebelonging to the fir sgteneration ate al1 the leaves ofthe
tree; larva eof second generation were fewer because of the shortage of leaves.
2) PapiZi bprotenor clemetTius 7 rr7b'A
Next in abundarice to R xuthus and R memnon in the farnil Pyapilionida et,his species
appeared 58 days in three years , It slarva efed on atrus sp. from April tQ June together
with R memnon,
3) Papillo
xuthus7ti7NfeV
This was the most common butter falmeyng the 50 species. It was observed in 175 days
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Butterfli aess an Indicato rof Environment 35
oyer three years . Severa lindividua lsoften sucked nectar on the hedge of Aheha
grandijlbra , It slarva ewere sometimes found on CVtrz stps,
4) PopiZl ohelenus nicconieolens etzi71itA
This spocies was seen two days in 1998 ,16 days in 1999 and 7 days in 2000, with a total
of 25 days in three years , In most cases, the butterf layppeared in the eVening from the
west directio nand fiew off to the east.
5) PcrpiZiboianordehaant"i7X7tiA
This butterf lwyas not so abundant, and was seen 1-2 times in each year.
6) Papill imabchaon hippocvat eks7tiA
This species was not so abundant as R biano rb,ut it slarva ewere often fbund on
Jil?onicuin mvuigare and ai}tptotaen icaanadensis at the Garden.
7) RapiZlo
maeilenttAs1'VJXr7ti7N
A female of this species was caught while fiying intertwined with R proteno ron the
hedge of A. gTandl:for aat 4.05 p.m. on July 24, 1999.
8) By'as aaicinous aloinous Yv-V7e7x
This species was sometimes seen near Fajimigaoka ;a female was observed in the
Garden at 12,5 5p,m. on June 27, 1999 but it fiew out to the north direction.
9) (]raphium sarpedbn n4zponum 71-Y7tiA
This species was rather common in Fojimigaoka . It slarva ewere easily found on
CTnnamomum camphora which were planted as roadside trees in some part sof
Fejimigaoka New Town. Usually the butterf lwyas very scarce at the Garden . It
appeared only four days each in 1998 and 1999, but in 2000, individua lnumbers were
very 1arg aend it was observed on 21 days in the year ;most ofthem fiew in from the west
and jus ttouched the hedge of A. grandi:XZpr abefbr eflyin goff to the east.
10) Graphium dbson athitinm l -O 1-"7t},'2x
This species was not seen in the Garden until May 5, 2000 when an individua fllew in
from the east at 11.35 a.m., explored the Garden, then fiew off to the west.
Family Pieridae ( 5species)
1) Piens rapae cra ciyora - )･ iii uf g V
Next to Eurema hecabe in abundance, this spocies was recorded on 85 days over three
years .its numbers graduall yincrease dfrom April to July ,dropped drastica ldulrying
mid-summer, and in autumn some individua lrseappeared. Larvae were also easily
fbund on Brassic aspp. planted in the Garden in May and June.
2) Pieri smeleteX9ffvYmS'yV
This species was observed on 50 days over three years .It disappeare dat the end ofthe
rainy season, because it preferr etdo stay in somewhat dark and high humidity places
compared with R rapae, The larva efed on Brassic aspp. and also grew on a nastur-
tium, 7leopaeoin mmqius until imago; the female of R rapae did not like this plant and
never approached it.
3) Eurema hecabeepf V
g
This was the fift mhost abundant specjes among the 50 sPocies. It was observed on 123
days over three years , It was abundant especially in mid-summer even after Ribt: tspsp.
had disappeared.
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TThhee LLeepipdiopdteorpoltoegiroaollogical SSoooiceityety ooff JJaapapnan
36 Akira MlyATA ， Yatsukaho IKEDA， Hideo HAsEGAwA ， Akiko Fu亅正sAKI and H ， S． YoNG
Table l． Monthly butterf lryecords at Fujimigaoka New Town ， Oita City（1998−2000）．
噛
Sp鴕les Y己巳rFebMarAprMayJunJulAugS ¢POctNoyD D己ys
L．Pσ〃吻 κ醗ん鰐 アゲハチョ ウ ig9呂 ◎ ◎ ●● ●● ●● ●● 43
1999 o ● C ● ■● ●● ●● 60
1
2αX〕 つ● ● ● ○● ●● ●○ ◎ 72
．
2 鋤 薦o 燗αc肋o〃 キアゲハ 且998 0 且
且999 ○ ○ 2
20DO Q o 2
3．P妙伽 醒跚 切 κ ナガサキアゲハ 且998 o● ●◎ ● ●o ●● ●● ◎● o 50
1999 ● ●● ●● ●● 50
2 ○ ●● ○ ●● ●● ●◎ ◎ 55
斗，御 痂 ρ厂0跏 ρ尸 クロアゲハ 】99呂 0OQ ◎ ◎◎ ．屯ψ引L．．rL、ノ o 15
21 99）9 c⊃ ◎ OI◎ ◎●●● ●◎●◎ ●〆L、ノCr．り．丶 2203
5，P岬伽 醒α曲 鷹醐 オナガアゲハ 1999 Q 1
6，聊 伽 西瓰η醐 カラスアゲハ 199B ○ L
1999 ○ Q 2
2〔脚 ◎ z
7，P岬茄o 加々η曜 モ ンキアゲハ 1998 o o 2
1999 o ● ◎o ◎○ 【6
2 ） ◎◎ oo 7
9、恥邵 α α々加o［β ジヤ コウアゲハ 1999 o 1 1
．
9 σ耀ρ燃 用 5α脚 ぬπ アオスジアゲハ 199呂 ◎ OQ （） 4
1999 ◎ ○ 4
2GOO ◎ ●◎ ●◎ ◎〔二） 21
］0．G照ρ毎 4α∫oπ ミカドアゲハ 2 ○ 1
厂）
lLP 蝕廊 昭σe モンシロ チョウ 1⊥999989 ○ ◎◎◎◎ ○●◎ ◎◎ ◎●o●oo◎ 〔」」昏け ．◎◎ e 23 L
20DD ◎ ● ●● ●● ◎● ◎ ◎ 餌
ロ．縺 廨 ’η曲 蝕 スジグロシロチョウ lggs ◎ ●◎ ◎ ◎ L4
1999 ○ ゆ （り ●0 ○ 14
2000 （⊃1◎ ◎ ●● ◎〔り 22
13．加 灘 ηo 加ごθ加 キチョ ウ 199呂 o ◎ 〔） ◎● ◎● ●● ●● ◎ o 37
1999 ◎ ◎◎ ●● ●● ◎◎ 33
2000 ◎ ○ ○ c● ●● ●● ●◎ CI 53
14．（わ伽∫8厂配8 モ ン キチョウ 2αX） ○ 重
15．ノ腕醜o雌 廊 ∫co加鯤胡 ツマ キチョ ウ 2QDD ○ 1
16，／1冊 照岬 ん型 θめ 5 ツマ グロ ヒョ ウモ ン 1998 ●● ●● ●● ◎◎ ◎ 38
1999 ◎ ● ●● ●● ◎● ◎● ● ○ 45
2000 ● ●⊂） ● ●● ●● ◎◎ ◎◎ ⊂） 64
17，Aッ用ρ加僑κα鷹加朋θ妬 ヒオドシチョウ 1998 o 1
18．晦 肥∬o 吻耀cα アカタテハ 1998 ○ o ◎ 3
210909Q9 ○ ooo 广 「／1〔・L凵ト・ （◎⊃ ●Q ○ ◎ Q ◎ o○O 且104
19．（〕牌疏如 cα雇甜 ヒメァカタテハ 2 ゆ oo 2
・ 一
20 Rめ習0ηぬ 6 σπ躍解π キタテハ 1998 ◎ ◎幽一 4
1999 ● ◎ 7
2000 ◎ o o ○ 5
，
2【 κ側 猷αCαηαC8 ル リタテハ 1999 ○ ○ 2
2〔X）0 ○ o 2
22．Lα釦gα ぐα用伽 イチモンジチョウ 1998 ○ ○ 2
1999
○ ［
20DO ○ Q 2
23．・〜ψ麿 5qρ助0 コ ミスジ 且998 ◎ ○ ○ ○ o 5
且999 o o ◎ 4
2000 o ◎oc ◎ ◎◎ ○〔二） 且6
24，掬 伽 σ．ノ卯o廨 σ ゴマ ダラチ5 ウ ig99 IOI 1
25．／ゆ醗岬α 耀 権 コムラサキ 1998 o 1
2 o ｝L
一
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