Table Of Contentinteractive student edition
BSCS
5415 Mark Dabling Blvd.
Colorado Springs, CO 80918-3842
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BSCS Biology: A Molecular Approach, 9th Edition
BSCS Administrative Staff
Carlo Parravano, Chair, Board of Directors
Rodger W. Bybee, Executive Director
Janet Carlson Powell, Director and Chief Science Education Officer
Pamela Van Scotter, Director, The BSCS Center for Curriculum Development
Marcia Mitchell, Director of Finance
BSCS Project Staff
Project Director: Rita Stephens
Revision Coordinator: Dottie Watkins
Production Manager: Barbara Perrin
Production Staff: Stacey Luce, Lisa Rasmussen
Reviewers: Mark Bloom, Steve Getty, Jerry Phillips
Cover Image The cover image is a color-enhanced micrograph of pancreatic epithelial cells showing the distribution of
DNA (blue), microtubules (green), and actin (purple) (�2520 at 70 mm).
Copyright © 2006 BSCS. Published by Glencoe/McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in North America. This
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unauthorized use. Any questions regarding this policy should be addressed to:
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
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ISBN 0-07-866427-6
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All around us, life on Earth is engaged in an ancient and delicate dance of interdependence.
Although we humans are only recent partners in this performance, we are deeply involved
because all life is related. We are also involved mentally because evolution has given us mental
capacities that allow us to probe the complexity of life in ever-greater detail and—today—to
manipulate living systems in ways that were science fiction a generation ago. And we are
involved emotionally because biology engages the human spirit at very basic levels. We not only
know that we are part of the living world, we feel it—in our love of animals and wilderness, in
the pleasure we feel while in our gardens, and in our fascination with the primates that are our
closest cousins.
These days it is virtually impossible to avoid exposure to the implications of modern biology.
Television news programs announce the discovery of a gene that is associated with breast
cancer; newspapers report on the use of DNA analysis in criminal cases; popular magazines
discuss the most recent discoveries about human evolution; and celebrities warn about over-
population, starvation, and threats to tropical rain forests. Although such issues may appear
unrelated at first, they illustrate a rather small number of major principles that are common to all
living systems. These principles help shape our study of biology, and they provide the foundation
for this book:
•
Evolution: patterns and products of change
•
Interaction and interdependence
•
Genetic continuity and reproduction
•
Growth, development, and differentiation
•
Energy, matter, and organization
•
Maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium
•
Science, technology, and society
BSCS Blue Version approaches these seven principles largely from the perspective of
molecular biology and focuses on minute structures such as cells and genes, as well as on the
processes related to them. It would be a mistake, however, to assume that one can understand
life on Earth only by studying its smallest parts because all of these parts and their processes
ultimately exert their effects in whole organisms, which in turn interact with their external
environments. This book will introduce you to some of those interactions. Equally important,
BSCS Blue Version will introduce you to the nature of science. It will require you to use the
intellectual tools of inquiry that are common to all of science, which is a unique and powerful
system for asking questions about the natural world.
As you work with your fellow students and your teacher to improve your understanding of
biology, you will encounter a variety of intellectual challenges (and maybe even some
frustration) about the intricacies of life on Earth. But we hope you also will find great rewards.
For as you uncover some of the mysteries of living systems, you likely will develop an increased
sense of wonder and respect for both life’s stunning complexity and its elegant simplicity.
If we have done our job well, this book will leave you with an improved understanding of the
myriad steps in life’s dance of interdependence. In addition, you will acquire the insights
necessary to make informed decisions about personal and social issues that have their roots in
biology, and you will acquire the skills necessary to debate those issues.
We hope you, your fellow students, and your teacher will let us know whether we have
accomplished our goals. We welcome your feedback, and we welcome you to the ninth edition of
BSCS Blue Version.
BSCS Blue Version Revision Team
Jon Greenberg, Project Director
FOREWORD
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Prologue
Biology and the Molecular Perspective . . . . .1
The New Biology—P.1 Biology in Your World, P.2 A Biological View of
AIDS, P.3 Growth Hormone: New Solution, New Problem
The Methods of Science—P.4 Solving Problems, P.5 A Mechanism for
Evolution: Science at Work, P.6 The Theory of Natural Selection
Science as a Way of Knowing—P.7 Scientific Perspectives, P.8 Your Role
as a Biologist
Chapter 1
The Chemistry of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
General Chemistry—1.1 Atoms, Molecules, and Compounds, 1.2 The
Structure of Atoms
Reactions in Living Cells—1.3 Chemical Reactions, 1.4 Chemical Bonds,
1.5 Ions and Living Cells
Biochemistry—1.6 Organic Compounds and Life, 1.7 Carbohydrates,
1.8 Lipids, 1.9 Proteins, 1.10 Nucleic Acids
Genetic Coding in Cells—1.11 The Double Helix, 1.12 The Functions of DNA
Chapter 2
Energy, Life, and the Biosphere . . . . . . . . .50
Organisms and Energy—2.1 Characteristics of Organisms, 2.2 Energy
and Nutrients, 2.3 Energy and Ecosystems
Energy Flow—2.4 Energy Conversions, 2.5 Energy and Entropy
Metabolism and Energy Transfer—2.6 Enzymes and Energy,
2.7 Chemical Reactions in Organisms, 2.8 Energy Transfer and ATP
Digestion—2.9 Digestion Inside and Outside Cells, 2.10 An Overview of
Human Digestion, 2.11 Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, and Absorption
Chapter 3
Exchanging Materials with the
Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
Living Systems as Compartments—3.1 Exchanged Materials,
3.2 Membrane as Barrier
How Cells Exchange Materials—3.3 Diffusion and Osmosis, 3.4 Passive
and Active Transport
Exchange in Multicellular Organisms—3.5 Gas Exchange in Water,
3.6 Adaptation to Life on Land, 3.7 Waste Removal, 3.8 Human Urinary System
CONTENTS
Unit 1 Energy, Matter, and Organization
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Chapter 4
Autotrophy: Collecting Energy from the
Nonliving Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100
Autotrophy and Photosynthesis—4.1 What Are Autotrophs?,
4.2 Overview of Photosynthesis, 4.3 The Light Reactions, 4.4 The Calvin Cycle
Photosynthesis and the Environment—4.5 Rate of Photosynthesis,
4.6 Photorespiration and Special Adaptations, 4.7 Photosynthesis and the
Atmosphere
Chemoautotrophy—4.8 Varieties of Chemoautotrophs,
4.9 Chemoautotrophs and the Environment
Chapter 5
Cell Respiration:
Releasing Chemical Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
An Overview of Respiration—5.1 Metabolism and Cell Respiration,
5.2 The Stages of Aerobic Respiration
The Reactions of Respiration—5.3 Glycolysis, 5.4 Mitochondria and
Respiration, 5.5 The Krebs Cycle, 5.6 The Electron Transport System,
5.7 Oxygen, Respiration, and Photosynthesis
Respiration and Cellular Activities—5.8 The Krebs Cycle in Fat and
Protein Metabolism, 5.9 Respiration and Heat Production, 5.10 Control of
Respiration
Chapter 6
Cell Structures and Their Functions . . . . .154
The Basic Unit of Life—6.1 Cell Study and Technology, 6.2 Two Basic
Types of Cells
Cell Structure—6.3 Prokaryotic Cell Structure, 6.4 Eukaryotic Cell Structure
Multicellular Organization—6.5 Cooperation among Cells, 6.6 Division
of Labor, 6.7 Systems
Chapter 7
Transport Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184
Transport Systems in Plants—7.1 Adaptations for Life on Land, 7.2 Water
Transport, 7.3 Nutrient Transport
Transport Systems in Animals—7.4 Circulatory Systems, 7.5 Circulation in
Vertebrates, 7.6 The Human Heart, 7.7 Molecular Basis of Muscle Contraction
Regulation and Transport—7.8 Blood Pressure, 7.9 Composition of
Blood, 7.10 The Circulatory System and Homeostasis
Unit 2 The Cell: Homeostasis and Development
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Chapter 8
The Cell Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212
The Life of a Eukaryotic Cell—8.1 Cell Division in Eukaryotes, 8.2 The
Phases of the Cell Cycle
DNA Replication—8.3 DNA Structure, 8.4 DNA Synthesis, 8.5 DNA Repair
Mitosis and Cell Division—8.6 The Stages of Cell Division,
8.7 Differences in Mitosis
Regulation of the Cell Cycle—8.8 Control of the Cell Cycle, 8.9 Checkpoints
Chapter 9
Expressing Genetic Information . . . . . . . .232
The Genetic Code: Using Information—9.1 Genetic Material,
9.2 Importance of Proteins
Transcription—9.3 RNA Synthesis, 9.4 RNA Processing
Protein Synthesis—9.5 Translation, 9.6 Transport and Modification of
Proteins, 9.7 Translation Errors
Viruses—9.8 Genetic Information and Viruses, 9.9 Impact of Viruses
Chapter 10
Animal Growth and Development . . . . . . .260
Key Events of Development—10.1 Beginnings of the Embryo,
10.2 Growth, Differentiation, and Form, 10.3 From One Cell to Many: Making
the Organism
Developmental Diversity—10.4 Developmental Patterns and Evolutionary
Relationships, 10.5 Human Development, 10.6 Birth Defects
Mechanisms of Cell Differentiation—10.7 Exploring the Mechanisms of
Differentiation, 10.8 The Genetic Equivalence of Differentiating Cells,
10.9 Determination and Differentiation, 10.10 Cytoplasmic Determination,
10.11 Cell-Cell Interactions
Chapter 11
Plant Growth and Development . . . . . . . .290
Plant Development—11.1 The Embryo and the Seed, 11.2 Seed
Germination, 11.3 Primary and Secondary Growth
Control of Growth and Development—11.4 Factors Affecting Plant
Growth, 11.5 Auxins, 11.6 Other Growth Stimulants: Gibberellins and
Cytokinins, 11.7 Growth Inhibitors: Abscisic Acid and Ethylene
Plant Responses—11.8 Plant Movements and Growth Responses,
11.9 Photoperiodism
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Chapter 12
Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316
Cell Division and Reproduction—12.1 Asexual Reproduction,
12.2 Chromosome Numbers, 12.3 Meiosis and the Production of Gametes
Sexual Reproduction—12.4 Sexual Reproduction in Microorganisms,
12.5 Sexual Reproduction in Plants, 12.6 Sexual Reproduction in Animals
Reproduction in Humans—12.7 Egg Production and the Menstrual Cycle,
12.8 Sperm Production, 12.9 Secondary Sex Characteristics, 12.10 Infertility
and Contraception
Chapter 13
Patterns of Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342
Genes and Chromosomes—13.1 Heredity and Environment, 13.2 Mendel
and the Idea of Alleles, 13.3 Genes and Chromosomes
Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance—13.4 Probability and Genetics,
13.5 Inheritance of Alleles, 13.6 Sex Determination
Other Patterns of Inheritance—13.7 Multiple Alleles and Alleles without
Dominance, 13.8 Linked Genes, 13.9 X-Linked Traits, 13.10 Nondisjunction,
13.11 Multigene Traits
Chapter 14
Other Forms of Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . .368
New Explanations of Inheritance—14.1 Understanding Gene Function,
14.2 Cytoplasmic Inheritance, 14.3 Genomic Imprinting, 14.4 Epistasis
Special Mechanisms of Inheritance—14.5 Genetic Anticipation,
14.6 Transposable Elements
Chapter 15
Advances in Molecular Genetics . . . . . . . .390
Studying Genomes—15.1 The Genome Projects, 15.2 Functional
Genomics, 15.3 Technologies
Applications and Issues in Molecular Genetics—15.4 Mutations and
DNA Repair, 15.5 Genetic Disorders and Gene Therapy, 15.6 Ethical, Legal,
and Social Issues
Unit 3 Heredity: Continuity of Life
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Chapter 16
Population Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416
Genetic Variation in Populations—16.1 Populations and Gene Pools,
16.2 Genetic Variation, 16.3 The Hardy-Weinberg Model
Changes in Gene Pools—16.4 Microevolution in Large Populations,
16.5 Microevolution in Small Populations, 16.6 Quantitative Traits
viii
Chapter 17
The Origin of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .438
The Origin of Earth—17.1 The Big Bang, 17.2 Early Earth
Evolution of Life on Earth—17.3 The Beginnings of Life, 17.4 Chemical
Evolution, 17.5 Biological Evolution
The Record of the Rocks—17.6 Microfossils and Prokaryotes,
17.7 Eukaryotes
Chapter 18
Diversity and Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .460
Bringing Order to Diversity—18.1 The Species Concept,
18.2 Classification and Homologies, 18.3 The Linnean Classification System,
18.4 Three Ways to Classify Species
The Kingdoms of Life—18.5 Five Kingdoms, 18.6 Classification and Change
A Brief Survey of Organisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .483
Chapter 19
Changes in Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .498
Multiple Lines of Evidence—19.1 Fossil Evidence, 19.2 Evidence from
Ecology and Homologies, 19.3 Genetic and Molecular Evidence
Origin of Species—19.4 The Process of Speciation, 19.5 Patterns in
Evolution
Unit 4 Evolution
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Chapter 20
Human Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .518
Common Origin of Primates—20.1 Identifying Primates, 20.2 Comparing
Skeletal Evidence, 20.3 Comparing Molecular Evidence, 20.4 Dating Human
Fossils
Human Origins and Populations—20.5 Early Hominids, 20.6 The First
Humans, 20.7 Gene Pools
Chapter 21
Nervous Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .546
Organization of the Nervous System—21.1 Sensory Systems, 21.2 Motor
Systems, 21.3 The Peripheral Nervous System, 21.4 The Central Nervous
System, 21.5 Cells of the Nervous System
Cellular Communication—21.6 Transmission of Impulses, 21.7 Synapses,
21.8 Integration, 21.9 Drugs and the Brain
Evolution of Nervous Systems—21.10 Evolutionary Trends,
21.11 Molecular Evolution of Nervous Systems
Chapter 22
Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .576
Major Elements of Behavior—22.1 Stimulus and Response, 22.2 Innate
and Learned Behaviors
Roots of Behavior—22.3 Biological Aspects of Behavior,
22.4 Environmental and Cultural Aspects of Behavior
Methods of Studying Behavior—22.5 Tools for Measuring Behavior,
22.6 Genetic Methods
Social Behavior—22.7 Populations and Behavior, 22.8 Animal
Communication
Chapter 23
Immune Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .602
Protection against Infection—23.1 Immune System Functions,
23.2 Nonspecific Defenses, 23.3 Specific Defenses and Adaptive Immunity
Components of the Specific Immune Response—23.4 Lymphocytes,
23.5 B Cells and the Antibody-Mediated Immune Response, 23.6 T Cells and
the Cell-Mediated Immune Response, 23.7 Clonal Selection in the Immune
Response, 23.8 Antibody Structure, 23.9 Generation of Antibody Diversity
The Immune System in Action—23.10 Eliminating Invading Pathogens,
23.11 Regulation of the Immune System, 23.12 Malfunctions and Diseases
Unit 5 Responding to the Environment
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Chapter 24
Ecosystem Structure and Function . . . . .632
The Structure of Ecosystems—24.1 Abiotic Factors, 24.2 Energy in Food
Webs, 23.3 Relationships in Ecosystems
Ecosystem Dynamics—24.4 Nutrient Cycles, 24.5 Limiting Factors,
24.6 Population Dynamics
Chapter 25
Change in Ecosystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .650
Ecosystems in Space—25.1 Terrestrial Biomes, 25.2 Aquatic Systems
Ecosystems in Time—25.3 Species on the Move, 25.4 Succession
Human Interactions with Ecosystems—25.5 Dependence,
25.6 Dominance, 25.7 Sustainability
Biological Challenges
Careers
Biology, Ethics, and Public Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Technology
The Scanning Tunneling Microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46
Research
Identification of Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53
Research
Understanding Cystic Fibrosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
Discoveries
The Secret of Vegetation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
Research
Energy Regulation and Obesity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
Discoveries
The Cell Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .159
Discoveries
Discovering the Secret of Circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199
Research
Chromosome Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220
Discoveries
Learning the Language of Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239
Discoveries
Molecules and Muscle Differentiation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .286
Research
Control of Organ Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307
Research
Cloning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .321
Research
The Human Genome Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350
Research
Medicine and Mitochondria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .376
Technology
The Polymerase Chain Reaction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401
Research
QTL Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .432
x
Unit 6 Interactions and Interdependence
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Technology
Using Radioactivity to Date Earth Materials . . . . . . . . . .442
Research
Classification of the Giant Panda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .473
Research
Archaea and Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .481
Discoveries
Soft-Tissue Fossils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502
Research
Mass Extinction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .512
Discoveries
The Mother of Us All? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .528
Discoveries
Learning and Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .558
Research
Teaching Language to Nonhuman Primates . . . . . . . . . . .598
Research
Susumu Tonegawa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .618
Technology
Robots for Ecology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .644
Research
The Atmosphere in Danger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .673
Theory
Theory in Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
Materialism and Vitalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .114
Engineering Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276
What is a Gene? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .412
The Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .514
Sociobiology: An Evolutionary Theory of Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .594
Organism Earth: The Gaia Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .676
Laboratory Investigations
Introduction to Laboratory Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .680
PA
Analyzing Ethical Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .689
PB
Scientific Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
PC
The Compound Microscope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .691
PD
Developing Concept Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .694
1A
Organisms and pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .696
1B
Compounds of Living Things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .698
2A
Are Corn Seeds Alive? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .700
2B
Food Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .702
2C
Enzyme Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .704
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2D
Starch Digestion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .707
3A
Cells and Movement of Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .709
3B
Diffusion and Cell Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .712
3C
The Kidney and Homeostasis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .713
4A
Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .714
4B
Rate of Photosynthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .716
4C
Chemoautotrophs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .718
5A
How Does Oxygen Affect Cells? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .719
5B
Rates of Respiration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .720
6A
Cell Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .723
6B
From One Cell to Many . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .725
7A
Water Movement in Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .726
7B
Exercise and Pulse Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .729
8A
DNA Replication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .730
8B
Mitotic Cell Division . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .731
9A
Transcription . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .732
9B
Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .733
10A
Development in Polychaete Worms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .736
11A
Seeds and Seedlings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .737
11B
Tropisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .739
12A
A Model of Meiosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .741
12B
The Yeast Life Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .743
12C
Reproduction in Mosses and Flowering Plants . . . . . . . . . . . .746
13A
Probability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .748
13B
Seedling Phenotypes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .749
13C
A Dihybrid Cross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .751
14A
Jumping Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .755
15A
Determining Mutation Frequency in Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . .756
16A
Sickle-Cell Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .758
17A
Molecular Evolution in the Test Tube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .760
17B
Coacervates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .762
18A
Using Cladistics to Construct Evolutionary Trees . . . . . . . . .763
18B
Structural Characteristics of Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .764
19A
Geological Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .767
xii
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19B
A Model Gene Pool . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .768
20A
Interpretation of Fossils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .770
20B
Archaeological Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .774
21A
Sensory Receptors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .777
21B
Reaction Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .778
22A
A Lesson in Conditioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .780
22B
Trial-and-Error Learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .781
22C
A Field Study of Animal Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .782
23A
Antigen-Antibody Binding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .783
23B
Antibody Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .787
24A
Producers in an Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .789
24B
Relationships between a Plant and an Animal . . . . . . . . . . . .791
25A
Producers in an Aquatic Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .792
25B
Ecosystem Diversity within a Biome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .794
Appendices
1A
The Periodic Table of the Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .798
1B
Radioisotopes and Research in Biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .798
4A
ATP Synthesis in Chloroplasts and Mitochondria . . . . . . . . . .800
6A
Preparing Cells for Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .800
12A
Pollination by Insects Aids Fertilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .801
13A
The Chi-Square Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .802
13B
Gene Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .803
20A
Physical Adaptations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .804
20B
The Old Man from La Chapelle-aux-Saints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .805
20C
Cultural Evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .806
22A
Innate Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .806
23A
Antibody Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .807
23B
Generating Antibody Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .808
Glossary/Glosario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .810
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .849
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