Brain Repair After Stroke - S. Cramer, et. al., (Cambridge, 2010) WW

307 Pages·2010·4.36 MB·English

Brain Repair After Stroke

Brain Repair After Stroke

Edited by
Steven C. Cramer
University of California, Irvine

Randolph J. Nudo
Kansas University Medical Center

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© Cambridge University Press 2010

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permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2010

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

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ISBN 978-0-521-51533-7 Hardback

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websites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

Every effort has been made in preparing this book to provide accurate and up-to-date information which is in accord with
accepted standards and practice at the time of publication. Although case histories are drawn from actual cases, every effort has
been made to disguise the identities of the individuals involved. Nevertheless, the authors, editors and publishers can make no
warranties that the information contained herein is totally free from error, not least because clinical standards are constantly
changing through research and regulation. The authors, editors and publishers therefore disclaim all liability for direct or
consequential damages resulting from the use of material contained in this book. Readers are strongly advised to pay careful
attention to information provided by the manufacturer of any drugs or equipment that they plan to use.

Contents

Preface
page vii
List of contributors
viii

Section I. Basic Science and Animal
Studies

1.
Motor map plasticity: a neural substrate
for improving motor function
after stroke
1
Jeffrey A. Kleim & Susan Schwerin

2.
Molecular mechanisms of neural repair
after stroke
11
S. Thomas Carmichael

3.
Behavioral influences on neuronal events
after stroke
23
Theresa A. Jones & DeAnna L. Adkins

4.
Post-stroke recovery therapies
in animals
35
G. Campbell Teskey & Bryan Kolb

5.
Environmental effects on functional outcome
after stroke
47
Barbro B. Johansson

6.
Functional and structural MR
imaging of brain reorganization
after stroke
57
Maurits P. A. van Meer & Rick
M. Dijkhuizen

7.
Stroke recovery in non-human
primates: a comparative perspective
67
Randolph J. Nudo

8.
Issues in translating stroke recovery
research from animals
to humans
77
J. Leigh Leasure, Andreas Luft & Timothy
Schallert

Section II. Spontaneous Stroke
Recovery in Humans

9.
Brain events in the acute period of stroke
in relation to subsequent repair
87
Rüdiger J. Seitz

10.
Changes in cortical excitability
and interhemispheric interactions
after stroke
103
P. Talelli, O. Swayne & J. C. Rothwell

11.
Human brain mapping of the motor system
after stroke
113
Nick S. Ward

12.
Recovery from aphasia: lessons from imaging
studies
125
Cornelius Weiller & Dorothee Saur

13.
Brain mapping of attention and neglect
after stroke
133
Alex R. Carter, Gordon L. Shulman & Maurizio
Corbetta

14.
Depression and its effects after stroke
145
Thomas Platz

15.
Epidemiology of stroke recovery
163
Samir Belagaje & Brett Kissela

Section III. Treatment Strategies

16.
Issues in clinical trial methodology for brain
repair after stroke
173
Steven C. Cramer

17.
Neuropharmacology in stroke recovery
183
Isabelle Loubinoux & François Chollet

v

18.
Robotic approaches to stroke recovery
195
David J. Reinkensmeyer

19.
Electromagnetic approaches to stroke
recovery
207
Gottfried Schlaug & Leonardo G. Cohen

20.
Intensive physical therapeutic approaches
to stroke recovery
219
Steven L. Wolf & Carolee J. Winstein

21.
Cognitive approaches to stroke
recovery
233
Valerie M. Pomeroy, Stephen J. Page & Megan
Farrell

22.
Electrical stimulation approaches to stroke
recovery
247
John Chae & Leigh R. Hochberg

23.
Growth factors as treatments for stroke
259
Seth P. Finklestein & JingMei Ren

24.
Cellular approaches to stroke
recovery
267
Yi Li & Michael Chopp

Index
275

The color plates will be found between pages
86 and 87.

Contents

vi

Preface

For years, stroke was a disease with few treatment
options. This changed in the mid 1990s with the
approval of thrombolytic therapy. Despite this revolu-
tionary change in acute stroke management, only a
limited number of patients reach the hospital in time
to benefit from such interventions; many who are so
treated none the less have significant long-term dis-
ability. A need exists for therapies that are accessible
and efficacious for a majority of patients beyond the
current narrow treatment window.
Recent years have seen the dawning of a new field
of clinical therapeutics based on the neuroscience of
brain repair. With this approach, the aim is not to
rescue threatened tissue, but to rewire, restore, repair,
and rehabilitate. The current volume examines brain
repair after stroke, from the latest basic science experi-
ments performed in animal models of stroke recovery
(Section I) to the process of spontaneous recovery
in human stroke survivors, including results of mod-
ern neuroimaging studies (Section II) to treatment
strategies in humans largely based on brain repair
principles (Section III).
In the first section (Chapters 1–8), preclinical stud-
ies pave the way for evidence-based hypothesis testing
in humans. Molecular data, derived from species rang-
ing from rodents to primates, provide a mechanistic
foundation. An important chapter focuses on MR
imaging of stroke recovery in animals, with results
relating directly to the human findings that are pre-
sented in the second section. Effects of environment,
therapy, and behavior are also considered, topics par-
ticularly relevant to translational efforts.
In the second section (Chapters 9–15), the science
of spontaneous stroke recovery in humans is reviewed.

The relationship to core aspects of the field of stroke,
such as acute stroke therapy and epidemiology,
is examined. Several brain systems are considered,
including motor, language, attention, and affect, with
many areas of overlap among the findings. These data
provide a baseline against which interventional thera-
pies will be compared, and also suggest key brain
events whose measurement might help optimize pre-
scription of repair-based therapies after stroke.
In the third section (Chapters 16–24), a range of
emerging therapies is examined. Approaches include
drugs, robotics, stimulation, physical therapies, cogni-
tive approaches, growth factors, and cells. The pro-
gress and potential for each approach is considered. A
separate chapter considers issues of clinical trial meth-
odology that might be of particular importance to
brain repair approaches.
The field of brain repair after stroke is young.
However, already, animal and human sciences are
converging on core principles. The literature is wit-
nessing a blossoming of reports focused on this area of
research. The current volume brings together interna-
tional experts to review the current state of brain
repair after stroke. We expect that the future will see
increasingly successful efforts to reduce disability after
stroke based on this approach.
This book will serve as a valuable reference for
clinicians wanting to gain a better understanding of
emerging brain repair therapies, for scientists and
students wanting to gain increased knowledge of
human stroke recovery and its underlying principles,
and for basic scientists working with animal models
to provide a comprehensive volume that covers the
spectrum of stroke research from laboratory to clinic.

vii

Contributors

DeAnna L. Adkins
Department of Psychology, University of Texas at
Austin, Texas, USA

Samir Belagaje
University of Cincinnati College of Medicine,
Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

S. Thomas Carmichael
Department of Neurology, University of California
Los Angeles Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles,
California, USA

Alex R. Carter
Department of Neurology, Washington University
School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

John Chae
Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation,
Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland
Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Case
Western Reserve University, Stroke
Rehabilitation MetroHealth Medical Center,
Cleveland, Ohio, USA

François Chollet
INSERM, Institut des Sciences du Cerveau de
Toulouse, and Department of Neurology, CHU
Hospital, Toulouse, France

Michael Chopp
Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health
System, Detroit, Michigan and Department
of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester,
Michigan, USA

Leonardo G. Cohen
Human Cortical Physiology and Stroke
Neurorehabilitation Section, National Institute of
Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda,
Maryland, USA

Maurizio Corbetta
Department of Neurology, Department of Radiology,
and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology,
Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis,
Missouri, USA

Steven C. Cramer
Department of Neurology, and Department of
Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California,
Irvine, California, USA

Rick M. Dijkhuizen
Department of Medical Imaging, Image Sciences
Institute, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht,
The Netherlands

Megan Farrell
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University
of Cincinnati, Academic Medical Center, Cincinnati,
Ohio, USA

Seth P. Finklestein
Biotrofix Inc., Needham, Maryland, USA

Leigh R. Hochberg
Center for Restorative and Regenerative Medicine,
Rehabilitation Research & Development Service,
Department of Veterans Affairs, Providence Rhode
Island; and Stroke and Neurocritical Care Services,
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General
Hospital, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, and
Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital; and Harvard
Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Barbro B. Johansson
Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Wallenberg
Neuroscience Center, Lund, Sweden

Theresa A. Jones
Department of Psychology, University of Texas at
Austin, Texas, USA

viii

Brett Kissela
Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati
College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

Jeffrey A. Kleim
McKnight Brain Institute, Department of
Neuroscience, University of Florida, and Brain
Research Rehabilitation Center, Malcom Randall VA
Hospital, Gainesville, Florida, USA

Bryan Kolb
Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience,
University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta,
Canada

J. Leigh Leasure
Department of Psychology, University of Houston,
Houston, Texas, USA

Yi Li
Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System,
Detroit, Michigan, USA

Isabelle Loubinoux
INSERM and Institut des Sciences du Cerveau de
Toulouse, Toulouse, France

Andreas Luft
Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University,
Baltimore, Mayland, USA

Randolph J. Nudo
Department of Molecular and Integrative
Physiology and London Center on Aging, Kansas
University Medical Center, Kansas City,
Kansas, USA

Stephen J. Page
Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, University
of Cincinnati Academic Medical Center, Cincinnati,
Ohio, USA

Thomas Platz
Neurological Rehabilitation Centre, Ernst-Moritz-
Arndt University, Greifswald, Germany

Valerie M. Pomeroy
Neurorehabilitation, University of East Anglia, UK

David J. Reinkensmeyer
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace
Engineering and Department of Biomedical
Engineering, University of California at Irvine, Irvine,
California, USA

JingMei Ren
Biotrofix Inc., Needham, Maryland, USA

J. C. Rothwell
Sobell Department, University College London,
Institute of Neurology, London, UK

Dorothee Saur
Neurologische Universitatsklinik Freiburg, Freiburg,
Germany

Timothy Schallert
Department of Psychology, University of Texas
at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA

Gottfried Schlaug
Department of Neurology, Neuroimaging and Stroke
Recovery Laboratories, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical
Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA

Susan Schwerin
McKnight Brain Institute, Department of
Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville,
Florida, USA

Rüdiger J. Seitz
Department of Neurology, University Hospital
Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf,
Germany

Gordon L. Shulman
Department of Neurology, Washington University
School of Medicine, St. Louis,
Missouri, USA

O. Swayne
Sobell Department, University College London,
Institute of Neurology, London, UK

P. Talelli
Sobell Department, University College London,
Institute of Neurology, London, UK

G. Campbell Teskey
Department of Psychology, University of Calgary,
Calgery, Alberta, Canada

Maurits P. A. van Meer
Department of Medical Imaging, Image Sciences
Institute, and Department of Neurosurgery,
Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience;
University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht,
The Netherlands

Contributors

ix