Brain Evolution by Design: From Neural Origin to Cognitive Architecture

435 Pages·2017·13.35 MB·English

by  Shuichi Shigeno

Diversity and Commonality in Animals
Shuichi Shigeno
Yasunori Murakami
Tadashi Nomura Editors
Brain Evolution
by Design
From Neural Origin to Cognitive
Architecture
Diversity and Commonality in Animals
Serieseditors
TakahiroAsami
Matsumoto,Japan
HiroshiKajihara
Sapporo,Japan
KazuyaKobayashi
Hirosaki,Japan
OsamuKoizumi
Fukuoka,Japan
MasaharuMotokawa
Kyoto,Japan
KiyoshiNaruse
Okazaki,Japan
AkikoSatoh
Hiroshima,Japan
KazufumiTakamune
Kumamoto,Japan
HideakiTakeuchi
Okayama,Japan
MichiyasuYoshikuni
Fukuoka,Japan
ThebookseriesDiversityandCommonalityinAnimalspublishesrefereedvolumes
onallaspectsofzoology,withaspecialfocusonbothcommonanduniquefeatures
ofbiologicalsystemsforbetterunderstandingofanimalbiology.Originatingfrom
acommonancestor,animalsshareuniversalmechanisms,butduringtheprocessof
evolution,a largevarietyofanimalshave acquiredtheir uniquemorphologiesand
functionstoadapttotheenvironmentinthestruggleforexistence.Topicscovered
include taxonomy,behavior,developmentalbiology,endocrinology,neuroscience,
and evolution. The series is an official publication of The Zoological Society of
Japan.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/13528
Shuichi Shigeno • Yasunori Murakami •
Tadashi Nomura
Editors
Brain Evolution by Design
From Neural Origin to Cognitive Architecture
123
Editors
ShuichiShigeno YasunoriMurakami
StazioneZoologicaAntonDohrn EhimeUniversity
Naples,Italy Matsuyama,Japan
TadashiNomura
KyotoPrefecturalUniversityofMedicine
Kyoto,Japan
ISSN2509-5536 ISSN2509-5544 (electronic)
DiversityandCommonalityinAnimals
ISBN978-4-431-56467-6 ISBN978-4-431-56469-0 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-4-431-56469-0
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016962454
©SpringerJapanKK2017
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101-0065,Japan
Preface
The present book is a new, detailed examination to explain how elegant brains
have been shaped by simple principles in evolution. Classic comparative studies
have revealed great diversity of neural networks and complex behaviors in many
animalgroups.Therecentintegrativemolecular,developmental,physiological,and
psychologicalapproaches,however,haverevealedunexpectedcommonalityinthe
basicstructuresandfunctionsacrossanimalphylogeny.Thestructuralframeworks
of the nervous systems and brains are often replicated in artificial intelligence or
machines constructed by human activities, suggesting that functional similarities
provideacommondesignforinformationprocessingsystemsthroughbiophysical
constraints.
Thebookintroducestheoriginofneuronswiththesingle-cellcreatureswithout
neurons and then goes on to primordial types in invertebrates such as cnidarians,
flatworms, molluscs, insects, and chordates, with a great abundance of the brains
of vertebrates: fish, reptiles, birds, and mammals, including whales and humans.
Recently,anumberofresearchinvestigationsofdiverseandminororganismshave
beenconducted,andweneedtokeepuptodate.Eachchapterprovidesprofessional
anddetailedtopicsaboutbrainevolution;however,thisbookasawholeisarranged
alongasimpleconcepttofindsomethingofcommondesign.Also,non-organisms
such as modelsand materials are coveredto explorethe designsin the origin and
evolutionaryprocesses,buttheyarenotcomprehensive.Thetopicsareprovidedin
atimelymannerbecausenoveltechniquesemergedrapidly,forexample,asseenin
next-generationsequencersandomics(e.g.,genomics,proteomics,metabolomics,
and connectomics) approaches. With the explosion of big data, the neural-related
genesandmoleculesarenowontheradar.
Importantly, now the neural networks have been taken notice of. For instance,
Europe’s AC1 billion science and technology projects, such as the Human Brain
Project,were launchedin 2013to analyzebrainconnectomics.The biginterdisci-
plinaryplan,theBlueBrainProject,alsoaimstounderstandthesmallmammalian
brain. Furthermore, with the rise of recently advanced artificial neural networks,
there is enthusiasm for the development of neural network models. The views of
brainevolutionprovideanessentialopportunitytogenerateideasfornovelneuron-
v
vi Preface
andbrain-inspiredcomputation.Forthatreason,thisbookwillshowthereaderhow
toextractmeaningfulneuralstructuresinnature.
For undergraduates, graduate students, and professional scientists who seek a
deeper understanding, this volume demonstrates how to find the basic principles
shapingbrainsthatprovidedhighercognitivefunctionsin thecourseofevolution.
Ourambitionisthatthebookwillstimulatestudents,particularlyyoungscientists,
to delve into problems remaining in this discipline. Many authors were selected
fromyoungJapanesescientists, andthisworkispartofaseriesofpublicationsof
theZoologicalSocietyofJapan.
Naples,Italy ShuichiShigeno
Matsuyama,Japan YasunoriMurakami
Kyoto,Japan TadashiNomura
Contents
PartI TheOriginsofNeuronsandNetworks
1 PhysicalEthologyofUnicellularOrganisms ............................ 3
Shigeru Kuroda, Seiji Takagi, Tetsu Saigusa,
andToshiyukiNakagaki
2 Molecular Characteristicsof Neuron-like Functions
inSingle-CellOrganisms .................................................. 25
ShingoMaegawa
3 Back Through Time: How Cnidarians and Basal
MetazoansShedLightonAncientNervousSystems ................... 45
HiroshiWatanabe
PartII TheRiseofDiverseBrainTypes
4 FunctionalSpecificationofaPrimitiveBilaterianBrain
inPlanarians................................................................ 79
TakeshiInoue
5 TheComputationandRobustnessoftheMini-Cognitive
CentersofTerrestrialMollusks:AnExquisiteOutcome
ofBrainEvolution.......................................................... 101
RyotaMatsuo
6 InsectBrains:MinuteStructuresControllingComplexBehaviors... 123
MichiyoKinoshitaandUweHomberg
7 IdentifyingVertebrateBrainPrototypesinDeuterostomes............ 153
TakehiroG.Kusakabe
8 GenomeandTranscriptome-WideResearchofBrainEvolution ..... 187
AtsushiOgura
vii
viii Contents
PartIII CognitiveSystems
9 TheOriginofVertebrateBrainCenters................................. 215
YasunoriMurakami
10 AdaptiveRadiationandVertebrateBrainDiversity:Cases
ofTeleosts.................................................................... 253
NaoyukiYamamoto
11 MolecularProfilingRevealsInsight into AvianBrain
OrganizationandFunctionalColumnarCommonalities
withMammals .............................................................. 273
KazuhiroWada,Chun-ChunChen,andErichD.Jarvis
12 TheNeocortexandDorsalVentricularRidge:Functional
ConvergenceandUnderlyingDevelopmentalMechanisms............ 291
WataruYamashitaandTadashiNomura
13 Molecular Investigations of the Structure
andDevelopmentoftheBrainofCarnivores............................ 311
Yohei Shinmyo, Tomohisa Toda, Kosuke Masuda,
Yoshio Hoshiba, Haruka Ebisu, NaoyukiMatsumoto,
andHiroshiKawasaki
14 Evolution of the Mammalian Brain with a Focus
ontheWhaleOlfactoryBulb.............................................. 329
TakushiKishida
15 TheEvolutionandFunctionofSleep..................................... 343
YuHayashiandChih-YaoLiu
16 PrefrontalAnatomicalArchitecture and Top-Down
BehavioralControlinHumanandNonhumanPrimates .............. 367
YosukeMorishima
PartIV ModelsandDesigns
17 OrganisationalPrinciples of Connectomes: Changes
DuringEvolutionandDevelopment...................................... 387
RomanBauerandMarcusKaiser
18 Muscular-HydrostatComputers: PhysicalReservoir
ComputingforOctopus-InspiredSoftRobots........................... 403
KoheiNakajima
19 BrainEvolutionasanInformationFlowDesigner:The
GroundArchitectureforBiologicalandArtificialGeneral
Intelligence .................................................................. 415
ShuichiShigeno
Part I
The Origins of Neurons and Networks