Table Of ContentSTUDIAP HILOLOGICBAU DDHICA
MonograpShe ries
XIX
BodLya gnuage
Indsiacr larnCadh insehseeil nti h e
MahapariniravnaSd1}a ad-dshuatrrmaa pu1}rjarlka
JonatA.hS ailnk
Tokyo
ThIen ternaItnisotfnioatBrluu tded hist Studies
of
ThIen ternaCtoilolfneoaPgrloe s tgrBauddudahties t Studies
2006
BodyL anguage
sarlra sheli
Indie andC hinesei nt he
MahiiparinirvSiia1)Qd-dshiiatrrmaa pu1J4arlka
and
JonatA.hS ailnk
Tokyo
ThIen ternaItnisotnfiaoBtrluu dtdeSh tiusdti es
of
ThIen ternaCtoilolfneoaPgrloe s tgrBauddudaShttieus dti es
2006
Publisbhyet dh eI nternatiIonnsatli ftouBrtu ed dhiSsttu dioefts h eI CPBS:
5-3-2T3o ranomoMni,n ato-Tkouk,y 1o0 5-000J1a,p an
© JonathAa.Sn i l2k0 06
Firpsutb lis2h0e0d6
PrintienJd a pabny B ethel-PPhroitnot Cionmgp any, Tokyo
Alrli ghrtess erved.
Aparftr oma nyf aidre alifnogrt hep urpoosfep rivastteu dyr,e searccrhi,t icoirs m
revienwo,p arotf t heb ookm ayb er eproduocret dr anslianta endyf ormb,y p rint,
photoprmiinctr,o foorrma nyo themre answ ithowurti ttpeenr missEinoqnu.i ries
shoubledm adet ot hpeu blishers.
ISBN4 -906267-53-X
Correspondreengcaer dailnelgd itormiaatlt esrhso ulbdes entto t heD irectooftr h e
InternatiIonnsatli ftouBrtu ed dhiSsttu diienTs o kyo.
Acknogwmleendts
Thisst uhdayts a kaen nu mbeofry eatrosc omteo f urtiioIntb. e agn
origiansa lsloym en obtirenisse pfbi yr edS ch1o99p1eM.nt eIrr eturtnoe d
these notes asgeotv,hes ert augldr yey iwenu a nresex cptdeidrt eincosa,n d to
anu nexpelcetnegtdta hk,io nnag t horoudgiehffrlyec nhta raIch taevhrea. d
thoep protuntiopt rye sveenrts iooftn hsri esiv seadne dx panwdoerdskv e eral
timoevse trh yee arsi,c uplaiarnJrt alpya Tnh.ea udieanncde sc oulealste ag
uneivrsiatnidie nss tiitnTu otkeysoa ndK yotwoe rkei nedn outgoho ffre
stimulaanthdie nlgps fuulg gesatnicdoo nrsri eocnItas m.g ratteotfu hle aml l.
Inp articfuorh leasrru ,g gesotfid oinrse citniw ohnisct hor ethink my
evdienIca em espegcriaattleoJlfu aylNn a titeHre.re ncouragleemde tnmote
thorourgeh-lwyo rks ttuhdSiyhs.ea lsoofe freadn umboefrv aluaabnlde
usesfuulg gesotnit ohanens t epenudlrttaiM.fm ya taep preicsai lasdtoui eo n
myc olleGargeugeoS rcyh opfeorhn i isn shitgfuclo mmeantnssdu ggestions
on eaanlr yd artfT.h anaklsst ooS eisKhair ashfori mnaau mboefri mportant
correcatnisdou ngsgi eos.nt sfuAr thneurm bert hseoa fm et hofienr sdtrt a fI
owet ot hkei ndnaenscds a roeft hien edaftigSahabylneCe l kaer. KlWaiulsl e
generosuhsalrayef wed S ansrkerfietr weintcmhee sM. o rree cenltolweya ,
gredaetbi tn deteod fmirye nSdta enfZoa cchwehtotsdiee, t asiulgegde stions
concertnhoiebn usgrc itoifee raslB yu ddhCihsitn Ieh saevg er ateafuclcleyp ted.
His generoust hcroorurghehacovtiueimt op nrsot vhepedr eciosfmi yot nr ans
latiMoanxDs e.e g awJ�akQsi nedn ouaglht� ooo ffesre vevraallu able suggestions,
asw aPse tSekri lTloio ntgh.e rsh awvoheffo e raev da rioefgt oyo add viacned
suppIoa rpto,l ofgorin zoteth ankailonlfyg o hue rpeer sonally.
Althoughc oIn shuaelvatere ltrdia enrs lawthieoanvn asi laaltblrl aen,s lations,
unleesxsp tllisyct iatoetedhr wsiea,r mey o wni,n clutdhionosgfem odern
sourCcoensqs.ue enatlnoydb, v iousliynm, u cwohhf wi hlaeit s corrIe ct here
havbee egnui debdym yp reedsescaonrmdsy c ontemp,oa rlraler sipeosnsibility
fora nayn adl mli sundersotrma insdrieenpngrt easrteisownti stm hea lone.
Itr ematiotn hsa Pnrko Hf.a raan tdh Ien ternaItnisotnifatorBlu u tded hist
Studfioret sh ewiirl lintgopn uebslsi sh this mboanscoiogcnr taeopnfht ,s the
whicIhh a tdh pel eastoup rree sientn htfe or mo fal eucrtaet Itnhseut tiietn
Octo2be00r4 .
TechnNioctael
Althoiutwgo hu lcde rtahianvbleey e pnr eerfabtlohe a vdeo nseo I,w as
noatb lteoe stabclriistithce axfltor ms a noyft hpea sscaigteiesntd h feol lowing.
Howevienrs ,of raa sp ossainbpdlr ea ctIih caavalet, t emtpotc eidtt hebe e st
tex.t s
FoPr alIih a,v ree fetrort ehdee d itoifot nhPsea Tleix Sto ctiybe,u wti th
referaelnstcoote h eed itoifto hnse i x(tBhu rmceosuen)ec diilt piuobnl,i shed
ind evanabgyta hrVeiip assRaensae aIrncsht itute.
FoCr hineIhs aev,ie np rincciiptoleneydl t hTea isehdoi tailotnh,o Iu gh
ama watrheai ittss o metifmrae sfr opmee rcfIta .mr espon(soiirrb rlees ponsible)
fort hpeu nctuoaftt ihoCenh inceistea tailotnhsof,uor gt hhD efr ghiigmaaI
havhea dth aed vanotfab geei ng toac bolnest uhlpetu nctutaetxietntd h e
receannted x celGleeannidytg aokAug oynoJko gaoynokI.m adues oefe lectronic
texftorss earcbhuiatnl gw,ac yosn firrmeeadd iinnp grsi netdeidt ions.
FoSra snkrtietxI th sa,v e attteovm eprtmieafydn uscrreiapdtwi hnegnse ver
possiabllteh,oI uh gahvu es eads tihste r anscroifps tcihoonlssau rcsh as
WaldschamniTddo td aNo.t teh awth aItr eefrt oa st hKea shgmaarn uscript
migmhotr per opebrecl ayl tlheKedh adamlainqu scIrr ieepfrtt oi; t h,o wever,
byt hnea me uwnhdieicrith us s uacliltye d.
* * * * * *
*
Jusatst hcea mera-croepoayfdt yhmi os nogrwaapcsho mpleIlt eeadr,n ed
oft heex istoefan noc leId t altiraann sloaft 5TiF,o. on b annijeihn{u�g�a ?Jenm
��b,y C arPluoi Mnaih,pa arinirvraaon,va vo-Ie,Slr ulitdblerlotat o aelsnet ziione
deBlu ddnhelalar eadzicoinnede iPs efea- -s.utC ultduer'laal ni2m1(a L anciano:
R.C arbaba1,9 11)A.p panrtelrye ipnrtiend1 91a9n d1 298i,tw asa tl east
patrlpyu bliesahreldiin Ge iro rdneallSlaoe c AiseitaaIt atilnciaa2a 2 ( 9109I) .
havbee eunn abtlose e teh tirsa nslation.
Contents
Acknowlmeedng.t.s. ...............................................................i.. .............................
TechnNiocta.el. ............................................................i..i.. ..................................
Introduction 1
................ ................................... ......................................................
I) TheB oydo f Bthued dihnta h Mea hpiiarin-isrviiiit1Jraa ...8.
................... .. ....
II)T heB uddhFau'nsei rnta hlDe fr ghiimgaaa nDdh armaguptaka
Vinaya . ..22
.......................... ............................ ............ ...................... ... ...
IIIS)ar firnat hSea hdadrmpaurj1Jrafaka nEdl sewhe.r.e . 60
........ ................. ........
InconcClounscilvueTd hionugg hts 76
..................... .............................................
AdditNiootneasl . 80
........................... ......................... ....................................... ....
Literature 91
.......................................... .................................................................
Demb ondeesbm,o ndeesdm,ry b ones
Demb ondeesbm,o ndeesdm,r b yo nes
Demb ondeesbm,o ndeesdm,ry b ones
Dony'othu e tahrwe o rofdt hLeo �rd
(TarditNieognrSaopil r itual)
Introduction
Iti nso e xaggertaost atiyho antt hs ei ngle most caennpdth riallo spiritual
sophqiuceaslti ino Bnau ldld htirsatd iitsWi:ho anitsas B uddhAnad? t hiiass
questwihoinci hsi ,na lmoaslctla seeqsu,i vtaolt ehqneut e stWihooni :so ur
BuddShaak,y amuEnvied?ni scowuhriscsehes e tmoa ,n wdh icohns omlee vel
certadiona,ld yd rqeusisdt ieff erent mqauyfee rsqtuieonbntesul nyd erstood
toa lstoa lokn,a notlheevrae blo,wu hta wte m ighitna, s trsiecntsc ea,ll
"Buddhoyl,to"hg deo ctrionfBe u ddhoadh1.T oheroerfe, wwehs etnu dy
Buddhliistte rwaetw uorueld,do w eltlor emain oaflw eavroeefld si scourse
othtehra tnh ose awphpireco ahnt hseu arcfeIf.B uddhtiesxtt sa maorneg,
other tahlisontofge ssnp, ke ianagb ouotrp, r esunpg,ps oosmivei siooftn h e
natuorfBe u ddhahtohooend ls,yu rwea yt op ervcete hivati siitsoou n n derstand
preciwsheatlthy te e xatrsse a yionnga ,ll le veTloss a.ty h iissr eatlols ya y
nothmionrgte h atnh aatlh lem reneurteiqcusifi rresastn,f dro emoasr te,l iable
philyo.Wl hoiglteh,e inti, so nlwyh ewne b eignt op acya reafutlt enttoi on
whatte xstatsyh awteb egitnou nderstandm wehawanetm, u tsrhtee mye mber
thawtea rrea reilefyv ,et rh,fie r sttoh avpea iadt tenttoci loans Bsuidcdahli st
tex.At nsdw hitlheo wsiet htihnte r adiwthioco anm bee rfoeu sn aturhaaldl y
Theraera en umboefrv arivaenrts iooftn hsi s sonigsw, e lkwlnh oiwctnhh roiugths
seroifve esr bseegsi n"nTihntego b eo nceo nnetcott hefedoo tb onea,ns"do o n.
Foarn e xamopfla epa prensttlryie cctolnyod miiscc owuhrisicensh e vertahletsloobe es s
reaadsa ne xericnBi usddeh olosgeSyei, 2l 00k 2b.
2 Introduction
agenodfatsre and icdaiflfreleynf tor mo uro wnw,e c ana lwalyaesr fnor m
theTmh.e reocfoe radrsl iero fIr nedaidaenr sB sucdrdihpimtsoutrr eeosv,e r,
arneo ftou ndo nliyns le-fconussclciyoo memntawroirakls .
Transltaotfuoin ocntsia osaqn u ite ofborvmoi fco oumsm enotrae rxyes gies:
therye staa( tpee rcemievaendii)nno g t hweorr dasl,b aelisiton a d ifefrent
languTahgieas.p protaotc rha nslaast icoonnmt maery, n actaunrally, have
valuaibmlpeli iocnfasorto uurn derstoafnt dhoieln dge r liotfIe nrdaitaunr e
BuddhiIstgm i.vu esas n otthoeoril na, d diiottno t hset udoifge rsa mmaanrd
lexicogarnatdph iheny t,e rproetfia ntdeiinogoncusos m menite,was irtwhh ich
toa pprowahcashth oubleod n oef o ucre ntgroaall hsi satso nraimaynet slo,
gaina papnr ecoifa twtiahoeyn (s su)cl hi tuerrweaa tusn dersbtyto hocedo m
munitiinwe hsi ciwhta tsr antsemdi.t2
Anya ttetmomp atk ues oeft ransloafat nicoinIesnn dtiB aund dhliisattteu rre
forc ompairvpaeht ilioclpaoulgr peoshs,o weviemrm,e deileaynt counats eerts
ofs eriporuosb lbeomtsth,h eoreatnidpc raalc ttihcea lco,ofw r hei cihs the
followwienc ga:nn e vers ubreeei thoeftr h oer igliinnaglu fiorsmto ifac n y
givsecnr ipotrou ftr hee, woorrde ivnecgno nteonftt hVseo rlfraogmew hich
ag ivterna nslwaatsmi aoedn.P 3o tenteivaemlnol ryse e riowuesa lrfyeia, r ly
surteh aitn grae maatn cya seevset nh eea rlfioremssot fI ndBiucd dhtiesxtt s
wen owp osseexstsva,en rts iinPo analsn iGd a ndhfarori in,s taanrtcehe e,m vseesl
aratcitfss oomfpe r ocoefst sr aonrsmfatfioromne arlnioewlr o,s otr,i ginal
souricnoe nsoe r a notPhreark (rwiehtt htehre hsyep othoertiigciawnle arles
texatsss u cohr,m oraem orpheonutesis ta)ip ,r ocwehsiscc ho ntiinnua e d
moroeb viaonusdso metihmeyea-svh daenwda yw itthh seu buseenqrte casting
Int hriess pweecm ta,ye ntirleelayav seit dheve e xqeude stoifwo hne tihiteps ro sstiob le
underswthaantd t tehmxeet antoti tosw n autRheograsrt.dr ianngs laaset xieognes sefieos r,
examptlhreee mrakosf T1o99v2 :1 2ff4.( ansdp ecailfirlceyg artdhiSene gup atgiTnotv,
1997)W.e muksete ipnm indho,w evtehrad,te sptihtceeo nsidvearlaaubfeolf red beyd
comparisoBnisb lwiictahl imtaa tliemsro aislaatwyl cssl ,et ahrat th e Voorftl raagnes lations
oft hHee breBwi bwlaest hMea sorteetxaitsct ransdm.Ii ntt thceea soefI ndiBaund dhist
matertiraalnssi lnCa htiendef orsi en,s tatnhsceue b,j oeftc htie n quitrofi loelsoi wit,es q ually
cletahrat thd ee taoiftl hsVe o rlaignae lncl a sreesm aainnwd i lrlem auinnk no(wanno dn ly
sliglhetsslofsy or t ransliantTtioio bnestF autnrh)e.r mboyrr eea,d inCgh ienaterrslaeyn slations
ofI ndtiecx wtista hne yoen w hatth emya yt eulsla boIuntd iBaund dhiIds omn ,o att a ll
meani mtpotl hyat th ecya nnaoltbs eor eaads embientd hdeeCidhr i nese Tchoenmyto esxtt .
certasihnoluayll dsb oe rseoa bdu:tt h iisast asrkS ifonologaimsotnswg,h osneu mbIed ro
nobtya ny meanmsy sceolufn.t
Il eaavsei hdeert ehp eo ssibbuiltfre e,a l craasrewe h,ii nc hm iwgehh atv per evseeidrn
Tibaes tp ecSinafisck mraintu scfrormiw phti chk nwoeaw p artiTciubleattrra ann sltaot ion
havbee emna d(eH.o wevenro,wS tseeien k2e00l4lw,nh eirc h ohuottlh hdeos p teh watem ay
indeseodm ediansy o,m e chaasvdeeis r,ae ccctte ost shv ee rIyn dmiacn uscfrroimpw thsi ch
somTei bettraann slwaetrmieao dn)es .
Introduction 3
(oerv ewnh olerseawlrei otfit negxit)nSs na siktrT.h4e roerfest,r iscptelayk ing,
inm ancya sweesw ilnle vhearv dei rect toaa cnc"yero sisg iansas lu"cO hf.
couert,sh diisffi cuilostf ay ne ntidrieefflryet nytpfr eo mt hawth iccohn fronts
usw hewne a ttetmopm ta kues oef t ranslianttCioho innse( soTrei bet.a n)
Them anipiuolntasht rowuhgihc h iaps u ttteo x tm iatk eGfi atn dhoarer vie n
Sansmkorripth yo,lm oegtripcatatle rannsd osnpo r obarbalryec lryot shse
thresihnot"lotd r ans"lSW aet imoanty.h eorreaefc cewpitt,h cdauuet ion,
extaInntdt iecx atss i"goirnianlm sa"ncy a sdeess,p tihtreee stuhlattt h ere
mayt hebnei mpordtiaeffnrte nbcetewse veanr ibaunptta ravlelresloi fotn hse
same "aolr.i'g,.sir neTshtoiilsoud no es hnoowte,v aedrd,r tehssese aprate
problreami bsye d tfhcaett haitnt hvea smta joroifct aysw eesd on ot, and
cannkonto,tw h per ecwiosred ionftg h mea terwihailscshev reda st hbea ses
forC hin(eoserev eTni bettarna)n sloafIt nidowinocsr .kS specifiacnaodlf l y,
grearteelsetv faornu csae tp reseevnetan,sw e grcolwo tsoeu rn derstanding
thper obapbhloen oloagnidmc oarlp hologiocfat lh meas thearpiea ls which
servaestd hu en dyeirnlg suopuorwnch eissc ho meea rlCiheirn tersaen slations
ofB uddhist wsecrrmieap dtweue,rr eesm alionc kientd h peo siotfibo eni ng
unablsep etcwoio fyr do-rf-woeruqdi valienna gc rese at cmaeassnT.yh at is,
eveans sumtihnawgte p ossesosr m oorneeex taInntdv iecr sioofan t se xt
tralnastiendtC oh ineasswe ea, t tetmoup tti lize tshheel dil gaohtnttt h eer to
interproeftt hafetor imoenar sw, e a ttetmope tm ploy traansasv laartiieotnys
ofc ommentwaerr eym,a ainnwd i lrle maiinnc apoafdb eltee rmining whether
ag ivCehni nreesned eriinngt ewnbadyse dti rtasn stlora etfloerhc iutsn der
standoifsn ogm pea tricutlearrnmo wf oundi no ure xtant teIxnotdrsi ,c
whetpheerr htahpvese rshieao tnt emapntiden dt entdore edn dwearws o rded
somewohrea vte cno nsibdldeyir effarenTthliys. 7cw oinltlit nobu eae p roblem
eveanso ukrn woledogfte h liist uerrgear towasn,od n teh amtu shta vseo me
impact woanyi sntw hhei cwheu ster anslaasct oimoemnnst airnty h e sense
Ofc ourIsd eo, nmoeta tno i mptlhya tI nadliBlau nd dhsicsrti pwteurroeer si ginally
compoisnPe rda tk-rointlhyas to me cewretraei.n ly
Thipso iinsnt o th,o wevweirt,h coounts idceorrnaotbvleetr hsreye ,s olouftw ihoinc h,
eveinpf o ssiifsbro lteu,n aitrerleylh eevrEaevn.ett n h vee rcya reNfuolr ma1n99 3,f roi nstance,
alternateexlpyr eusossferi sao tnhdsei ferfr einmtp ort, i"ntcrlaeund,s"i"ltn arsgtap nose,"
"ocnveforrtmo ndei alteoac nto thaenrd, "" u[patd eaxbttee]c aulsnaeg uiatwgsae gs r owing
arhcaic."
Them aterwihailfcsorh m t hDeh ampmidaaliiUndagvata ercxotr ppurso vained ex cell/e nt
C(
casienp oint.
Thinagrsne o atl watyhsib sa da,n tdh cea swei tshy steomrap thiicl osowpohrikicsna, l
whicthh e uosfta egceh nvioccaalb uclaabnre my o rrei giddelfiyn meadyp, r esfeenewtro ,r
lessesv eprreo,b loefim nst erpretwaete inocno utinnhot aueenrrf o frtsc otmtoeo g riwpist h
lessyss tetmeaxttisc.
4 Introduction
discuasbsoevde . thFpirseo rme scptitvhveea, l oufeC hintersaen slfaort ions
interprreeiatndigovsfIe n ditaenxc tason f tbeenl imdi.t e
Whiltehs iist uatthiedonin,us, a qlimfiuecsCh h ineevsied efrnocmae v ariety
ofa ppaltiicotnhse,ar rene e vertcheaslsi eenws hsi ch piots siitsoba ,lsi e t
wer,se ideepts htibsa spirco b,lb eemacusiet niost itdhneet ificaotfai on
precvioscea buwlhaircyhi nq iuse stbiuotn ,r tahtweha eyir nw hicahna lmost
certafiirnmlleyys tablvioschaebduo lrca ornyc ierspe tn dearneuddn deorosdt.
In ftolhleo wIiw nogu,ll dit koee xploonreeex amopflac e a soeft hpiasr ticular
type.
Somyee aargsoG ,r egoSrcyh opteonou kpt hqeu estoifto hnme e anionfg
ani mporptharnatis nte h Mea hpiiarinnaisu-btbtwiiah ichha, si nv ariwoauy,ss
infelnucmeudc ohfw hahta bse esna id bys cmhoodalebarnor Eusat r Bluyd dhism
inI ndiTah.eps h raisnqe u estaipopne aarp sa sisnca ognec ertnhifenu egnr al
oft hBeu ddhaan,dth seu sbeuqenetr ectoifao s nr ufporah irse l.iI9cn s the
barest Socuhtol'piasenr neg,u mreunntas sf olloTwhse:r iesa f udnamental
tpyologdiifecfraeln bceet wefuenne raanltdsh ree loirsc r ucpualT th.ec rucial
passaignte h eM ahpiiarinitbtbhaiia nsba e-nes uundersttoor oeds trict
particiipnsa artr-aifupojniit ot he lfaoribtiyd,dm ionngkt soe ngaignte h is
practbiecceat;uh skeee tye rsma rr-afupjiih abse en ttaork eeefrtn o t he relic
culotrs, r uwpoar shiiitpst , h fiorsm which monkst oha arvebe e tehno ught
barrSecdh.o pheonw,e vreari,ts herese laqtueeds toifto onw sh aetx actthley
tersma rr-afupjiir eefr,as nd whpoasret iciipnta htpiirsoa nc itisin ctee ntdoe d
ber estrIinch tioespd i.n siaorrn-af upjiid oenso ti,nt hciso ntreexftte,or the
reloirsc t iicpual btu,rt a thteotr h fuen eroarcl r emaptrieopna raatnido ns
actiisevO.iM ltoreovheesr u,g getshtatsthr ee rsitctaigoanip nasrtt iicoiinpn a t
thpirsa ctdiicree nciotstte o ad l mlo nk,bs uvte rsyp ecailfitlcoyo npea rticular
monkA,n anda.
Ins upporhtis suo gfg esStcihoonpsse,hn o wtehdat th e tsearrr-amfupj ii
meanosnt, h oen hea n,ld itye" rwaolrlsohfti hpbe o dy(w"h esnar raif tsa ken
asg rammatsiicnaglulalyna dor n)t ,h oet herre,lw iocr sh(iwph esrnar fai s
plur,aa nld)t hatth ien juncatdidsorsnee bdyt hBe uddthoah is disciple
Ananda-htesh haotu rlerdfa ifornm s arr-apfjuiio ft hBeu ddahftaet rhl ea tter's
Schop1e99n1 .
Unleostsh erswpiiesficee idnt, h feol lowIiu nsgte h weo r"dr eliicnt( hsse)e "n osfe
post-crermeamtaiionnsa.l
10 See also 19S94c3:h7 o":phte een v ideanpcpeset aor obvee rewlhmitnhgat tht ee rm
[fraaru-jfpiio]r iginalfloayrl - oantngid m ree-fetrort ehrdei tual ohrpa rnedplairnagt ion of
thbeo dpyr itoocr r ematthioounsg,oh m etiistme eesam lsts ooi ncltuhdleea rt.te" tOhlena st
poisnetae,l ps.o3 9.
