Table Of ContentBIOTECHNOLOGY
OF
ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI
OF GRASSES
Edited by
Charles W. Bacon
and
James F. White, Jr.
Boca Raton London New York
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First published 1994 by CRC Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Biotechnology of endophytic fungi of grasses / edited by Charles W. Bacon,
James F. White, Jr.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-6276-8
1. Endophytic fungi. 2. Endophytic fungi—Biotechnology. 3. Grasses—
Ecophysiology. I. Bacon, Charles W. II. White, James F. (James Francis).
QK604.2.E53B56 1994
589.2’04524—dc20 93-47983
DNLM/DLC
for Library of Congress
A Library of Congress record exists under LC control number: 93047983
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ISBN 13: 978-1-315-89122-4 (hbk)
ISBN 13: 978-1-351-07032-4 (ebk)
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EDITORS
selrahC .W Bacon is the research microbiologist, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, .S.U
Department fo Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Russell Research Center, Athens, GA, and
adjunct professor tnal pfo Department the in pathology fo University Pathology, Plant fo Athens. Georgia,
Dr. Bacon graduated in 1965 from Clark College, Atlanta htiw a .S.B degree in biology and a minor
in obtained chemistry his and Ph.D. degree ni 1972 botany fungal and in physiology, eht-morf University
of Michigan. He was a research associate in biochemistry from 1972 to 1973 at the Department fo
Biological Chemistry, University fo Michigan. It saw in 1973 that he assumed his present positions.
Dr. Bacon is a member fo the Mycological Society fo America, the American Phytopathological
Societyt,h e American Society for Microbiology, the Agronomy Society fo America, and the honorary
society Sigma .iX He has been the recipient fo research grants from the Competitive Grants program
National Research Initiative. He received, among other awards, the U.S. Department fo Agriculture
Superior Service Award, for research no grass endophytes and for incorporating this findiinntgo forage
grass breeding research.
Dr.B acon's research paper drew in first attention 1977 to endophytes fo grasses as causes fo pasture
toxicity problems in livestock, within the 45-year-old history fo forage grass toxicity. From this initial
discovery, he has been at the forefront of several major important revelations fo endophytic fungi and
endophyte-grass relationships. .rD Bacon has presented over 75 invited lectures at international and
national meetings, including on grass international meetings endophytes. hHaes been a guest lecturer at
more than 50 universities and at industry and veterinary service laboratories and has participated in
numerous workshops and symposia fungi. mycotoxins with and dealing eH has published more than 200
research papers, book chapters, and abstracts. His current research interests include the regulation and
biosynthesis fo mycotoxins, fungal ssarg-etyhpodne coevolution the and relationships, fo second- fungal
ary products, primarily mycotoxins, htiw plants, as an adaptive strategy for mutualistic associations.
semaJ .F ,etihW .rJ is associate Department professor, fo Biology, Auburn University Montgom- at
ery, Montgomery, .LA He graduated in from Auburn 1981 University, Auburn, ,LA htiw a .S.B degree
In honors). botany (with in 1983 M.S. an obtained he degree in from pathology plant thsea me institution.
In 1987 he received a Ph.D. degree ni botany University the from fo Postdoctoral Austin. research Texas,
was conducted in the Department fo Botany at the Ohio State University, Columbus, OH. In 1988 eh
assumed his present position.
Dr. White has received several research grants from the National Foundation Science and the Center
for Interdisciplinary Studies in Turfgrass Science at Rutgers University. He has received the Junior
Faculty Fellowship Faculty and Research Award ta Auburn University Montgomery. at He is a member
fo the Honor Society fo Phi Kappa Phi, the American Phytopathological Society, the Botanical Society
of America, and the Mycological Society fo America. He saw na invited speaker at the first two
international symposia on ssarg-muinomercA interactions and several other endophyte symposia.
WhiDtre. author the is fo more than 60 and articles research koob chapters. His research efforts helped
to establish the widespread distribution fo fungal endophytes in grasses throughout the world and
emphasized the systematic diversity among endophytic taxa. His current research interests relate to
systematics and ecology of the endophytic and epibiotic members fo the Clavicipitaceae.
PREFACE
nI only a few years, grass endophytes have from emerged relative obscurity to become a group fo fungi
fo widespread interest importance. and from Livestock toxicities grasses provided the initial impetus for
studies on the relationship their and of endophytic fungi grass Already hosts. international two symposia
on Acremonic~mand other grass endophytes been held have to developments discuss in the area. Several
major review articles ni different disciplines fo science have been written. Researchers have developed
an endophyte information base that indicates that endophytes have significant impacts on grasses, plant
ecology, and animal herbivory. Endophytes are won used in frut and breeding forage grass programs, to
produce cultivars with enhanced stress tolerance.
It is the conviction fo the editors, that however, greatest the discoveries on endophytes, and the most
valuable applications, yet are come. to The area fo attention, little very received has physiology endophyte
and ew know yrev little about the cellular relationships and compatibilities fo endophytes and hosts.
Petrhhea ps applications greatest lie potential the in for of biotechnological manipulations the endophytes.
In this area genetic transformation fo endophytes yam provide the to means develop cost-efficient ways
to produce drugs, nutrients, enzymes, and other products that currently must eb extracted from rare
organisms and organs or synthesized at high cost. For example, the endophytes yam ultimately provide
the vehicle yb grass which crops yam factories into modified be fo compounds, important where host the
provides and all energy raw needed material for endophyte-directed process. the This use fo endophytes,
along with ynam other aspects fo endophytes, remains to be explored.
Thbioso k considers the biological, toxicological, ecological, chemical and aspects fo research topics
as they relate to endophytes fo grasses. Several chapters reflect the yrev pragmatic applications fo
endophytes endophyte-infected and grasses. chapters Other offer applications future for endophytes and
are therefore discussed from theoretical viewpoints. This book contains the collective writings of an
international group of experts on fungal endophytes fo grasses, all fo whom are directed toward
understanding, creating, and exploiting the positive aspects fo endophytes. With this book we are
attempting to stimulate and facilitate future explorations fo the grass endophytes.
Charles W. Bacon
James .F White, Jr.
STNEMGDELWONKCA
This book is dedicated to all the early pioneers fo endophyte biology and toxicology. Particularly, ew
acknowledge the dedicated industry fo G. B. Garner and .C R. ,knuF Jr., whose contributions to this
exciting field extend beyond their personal research goals.
SROTUBIRTNOC
selrahC .W ,nocaB Ph.D. Nicholas S. ,lliH .D.hP
Research Microbiologist Associate Professor
USDAIARS Department fo Crop and Soil Sciences
Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit University fo Georgia
Richard B. Russell Research Center Athens, Georgia
Athens, Georgia
retlaW J. ,resiaK Ph.D.
htiaF C. ,regnaleB .D.hP Research Plant Pathologist
Assistant Professor USDAIARS
Department fo Plant Science Regional Plant Introduction Station
Cook College Washington State University
Rutgers University Pullman, Washington
New Brunswick, New Jersey
k c.iCrraG .M ,hctaL .D.hP
Lowell .P Bush, .D.hP Doctor
Professor weN Zealand Pastoral Agriculture Research
Department fo Agronomy Institute Ltd.
University fo Kentucky Palmerston North, New Zealand
Lexington, Kentucky
,nnamthc uneaLirdA .D.hP
Keith ,yalC .D.hP LecturerISenior Research Associate
Associate Professor Geobotanisches Institut
Department fo Biology Zurich, Switzerland
Indiana University
Bloomington, Indiana James .A ,yhpruM .D.hP
Extension Specialist
Stephen .L ,tnemelC Ph.D.
Department fo Plant Science
Research Entomologist
Cook College
USDAIARS
Rutgers University
Regional Plant Introduction Station
weN Brunswick, New Jersey
Washington State University
Pullman, Washington
enyaW ,tto r.rAaP .D.hP
Associate Professor
Herb ,reesnehciE .D.hP
Department fo Crop and Soil Sciences
Postdoctoral Research Assistant
University fo Georgia
Department fo Entomology
Athens, Georgia
Pennsylvania State University
University Park, Pennsylvania
semaJ .K ,retroP Ph.D.
Research Chemist
d e.eCR ,knuF .D.hP
USDAIARS
Professor
Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit
Department fo Plant Science
Richard B. Russell Agricultural Research
Cook College
Center
Rutgers University
Athens, Georgia
New Brunswick, weN Jersey
lyraD .D ,nawoR Ph.D.
egroeG B. ,renraG .D.hP
Doctor
Professor Emeritus
The Horticulture and dooF Research Institute fo
Animal Sciences Department
weN Zealand Ltd.
University fo Missouri - Columbia
Palmerston North, New Zealand
Columbia, Missouri
Christopher .L ,ldrahcS Ph.D. kcirederF N. ,nospmohT .D.hP
Associate Professor Professor
Department fo Plant Pathology Department fo Physiology and Pharmacology
University fo Kentucky University fo Georgia
Lexington, Kentucky Athens, Georgia
. PselrahC ,tseW .D.hP
Malcolm R. Siegel, .D.hP
Associate Professor
Department fo Plant Pathology
Department fo Agronomy
University of Kentucky
University fo Arkansas
Lexington, Kentucky
Fayetteville, Arkansas
semaJ F. ,.rJ ,etihW .D.hP
Associate Professor
Department fo Biology
Auburn University at Montgomery
Montgomery, Alabama
