Biomaterials for artificial organs

309 Pages·2011·3.746 MB·English

by  Michael Lysaght, Thomas Webster

Biomaterialsforartificialorgans
http://avaxho.me/blogs/ChrisRedfield
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(cid:223)WoodheadPublishingLimited,2011
Biomaterials for
artificial organs
Edited by
Michael Lysaght and Thomas J. Webster
(cid:223)WoodheadPublishingLimited,2011
Published byWoodhead PublishingLimited, AbingtonHall, GrantaPark,
GreatAbington,CambridgeCB216AH,UK
www.woodheadpublishing.com
WoodheadPublishing,525South4thStreet#241,Philadelphia,PA19147,USA
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Firstpublished2011,WoodheadPublishingLimited
(cid:223)WoodheadPublishingLimited,2011
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Contents
Contributor contact details ix
Dedication xiii
PartI Commoditybiomaterials
1 Membranesforoxygenatorsandplasmafilters 3
S. BREITER, Membrana GmbH, Germany
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Membranes for blood oxygenation 4
1.3 Membranes for plasma separation 21
1.4 Economic considerations 28
1.5 Future trends 30
1.6 Abbreviations 31
1.7 References 32
2 Titaniumandcobalt–chromiumalloysforhips
andknees 34
C. YAO, Nanovis LLC, USA and J. LU and T. J. WEBSTER,
Brown University, USA
2.1 Hip and knee joint replacement 34
2.2 Challenges for current metal hip and knee implants 37
2.3 Material fundamentals of titanium and cobalt–chromium
alloys used in hip and knee replacement 38
2.4 Advances in titanium and cobalt–chromium alloys used for
joint implant 43
2.5 Conclusions and future trends 50
2.6 References 51
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vi Contents
3 Polymericjointbearingsurfacesfor totaljoint
replacements 56
E. ORAL, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical
School, USA
3.1 Introduction 56
3.2 Early development of joint bearing couples 57
3.3 Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) 58
3.4 The introduction of high dose crosslinking 67
3.5 Failures in material development 70
3.6 Joint-specific challenges and alternatives 71
3.7 Future trends 73
3.8 References 73
4 Biomaterialsforpacemakers,defibrillatorsand
neurostimulators 81
M. J. EBERT, Medtronic Cardiac Rhythm Disease Management,
USA, S-P. LYU, Medtronic Strategy and Scientific Operations,
USA, M. T. RISE, Medtronic Neuromodulation, USA and
M. F. WOLF, Medtronic Strategy and Scientific Operations, USA
4.1 Introduction 81
4.2 Pacemakers 86
4.3 Defibrillators 99
4.4 Neurostimulators 100
4.5 Engineering approaches to solve material problems 105
4.6 Reliability and testing 106
4.7 Future electrical stimulation devices 108
4.8 Acknowledgements 109
4.9 Sources of further information and advice 109
4.10 References 110
5 Mechanicalandbioprostheticheart valves 113
M. N. HELMUS, Biomedical Consultant, USA and
C. M. CUNANAN, Cunanan Consulting, USA
5.1 Introduction 113
5.2 Mechanical valves 115
5.3 Tissue valves 120
5.4 Design considerations 121
5.5 Material considerations 132
5.6 Process considerations 139
5.7 Additional considerations 143
5.8 Emerging technology 151
5.9 Applicable standards 155
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Contents vii
5.10 Conclusions and future trends 156
5.11 Sources of further information and advice 156
5.12 Dedication 157
5.13 References 157
PartII Advancedandnextgenerationbiomaterials
6 Smallintestinalsubmucosaandother
decellularizedmatrixbiomaterialsfor tissuerepair 165
M. HILES and J. HODDE, Cook Biotech Incorporated, USA
6.1 Introduction 165
6.2 In situ tissue engineering 166
6.3 Harvest from nature or build from scratch 171
6.4 The extreme importance of processing 174
6.5 Clinical lessons learned 176
6.6 References 180
7 Newceramicsandcompositesforjoint
replacementsurgery 185
M. N. RAHAMAN, Missouri University of Science and
Technology, USA and B. SONNY BAL, University of
Missouri–Columbia, Columbia, USA
7.1 Introduction 185
7.2 Ceramics for bearing applications 189
7.3 Limitations of ceramics for bearing applications 192
7.4 Development of ceramics for bearing applications 197
7.5 Future developments in ceramic bearing materials 201
7.6 Future trends 202
7.7 References 203
8 Biomaterialsforimprovingthebloodandtissue
compatibilityof totalartificialhearts(TAH)
andventricularassistdevices(VAD) 207
D. UFUK ERBULUT and I. LAZOGLU, Koc University, Turkey
8.1 Introduction 207
8.2 Historical background of cardiac assist devices 208
8.3 Characterization of biomaterials: interaction with blood and
tissue surface 209
8.4 Biomaterials of current cardiac devices 211
8.5 Modifications of biomaterials to enhance haemocompatibility
and biocompatibility 219
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viii Contents
8.6 Preparation and testing for biocompatibility and
haemocompatibility 225
8.7 Future trends 228
8.8 References 229
9 Nanostructuredbiomaterialsforartificialtissues
andorgans 236
Y. CHEN and T. J. WEBSTER, Brown University, USA
9.1 Introduction and background of nanostructured biomaterials 236
9.2 Nanostructured biomaterials for bone applications 239
9.3 Nanostructured biomaterials for cartilage applications 250
9.4 Nanostructured biomaterials for nervous system applications 258
9.5 Nanostructured biomaterial applications for other tissues and
organs 261
9.6 Conclusions and future trends 262
9.7 References 262
10 Matricesfor tissueengineeringandregenerative
medicine 270
D. GORTH and T. J. WEBSTER, Brown University, USA
10.1 Introduction 270
10.2 Design considerations for matrices 271
10.3 Materials for natural matrices 274
10.4 Materials for synthetic matrices 275
10.5 Methods for polymer matrix fabrication 277
10.6 Self-assembling peptide scaffolds 282
10.7 Future trends 283
10.8 References and further reading 283
Index 287
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Contributorcontactdetails
(* = main contact) Jing Lu and Dr Thomas J. Webster
Division of Engineering and
Editors Department of Orthopaedics
Brown University
Dr Michael Lysaght and 182 Hope Street
Dr Thomas Webster Providence, RI 02912
Division of Engineering and USA
Department of Orthopaedics
E-mail: [email protected]
Brown University
182 Hope Street
Providence, RI 02912 Chapter3
USA
Dr Ebru Oral
E-mail: [email protected] Massachusetts General Hospital/
Harvard Medical School
Chapter1 55 Fruit Street
GRJ 1206
Dr Stefan Breiter Boston, MA 02114
Membrana GmbH USA
O¨hder Straße 28
E-mail: [email protected]
42289 Wuppertal
Germany
Chapter4
E-mail: [email protected]
Michael J. Ebert
Chapter2 Medtronic Cardiac Rhythm Disease
Management
Dr Chang Yao*
Coral Sea ST NE
Nanovis LLC
Mounds View, MN 55112
3000 Kent Ave
USA
West Lafayette, IN 47906
USA E-mail:
[email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
(cid:223)WoodheadPublishingLimited,2011