Table Of ContentBiology
of Humans
Fourth Edition
Concepts, Applications,
and Issues
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Benjamin Cummings
Fourth Edition
Judith Goodenough
University of Massachusetts, Amherst
Betty McGuire
Cornell University
Biology
of Humans
Concepts, Applications,
and Issues
ISBN 10: 0-321-70702-8; ISBN 13: 978-0-321-70702-4 (Student edition)
ISBN 10: 0-321-74082-3; ISBN 13: 978-0-321-74082-3 (Exam copy)
ISBN-10: 0-321-74209-5; ISBN-13: 978-0-321-74209-4 (Books a la Carte edition)
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Goodenough, Judith.
Biology of humans : concepts, applications, and issues / Judith Goodenough, Betty McGuire. — 4th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-321-70702-4 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Human biology—Textbooks. I. McGuire, Betty. II. Title.
QP34.5.G658 2011
612—dc22
2010033035
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10—CRK—14 13 12 11
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Brief Contents
1
Humans in the World of Biology
1
2
Chemistry Comes to Life
14
2a SPECIAL TOPIC: Food Safety and Defense
37
3
The Cell
45
4
Body Organization and Homeostasis
68
PART I
PART II
PART III
5
The Skeletal System
88
6
The Muscular System
103
7
Neurons: The Matter of the Mind
116
8
The Nervous System
129
8a SPECIAL TOPIC: Drugs and the Mind
144
9
Sensory Systems
152
10
The Endocrine System
173
10a SPECIAL TOPIC: Diabetes Mellitus
192
PART IV
PART V
PART VI
The Organization of the Body
Control and Coordination of the Body
Maintenance of the Body
Reproduction and Development
Genes and DNA
Evolution and Ecology
11
Blood
199
12
The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic
Systems
214
12a SPECIAL TOPIC: Cardiovascular Disease
233
13
Body Defense Mechanisms
239
13a SPECIAL TOPIC: Infectious Disease
258
14
The Respiratory System
267
15
The Digestive System
285
15a SPECIAL TOPIC: Nutrition and Weight
Control
301
16
The Urinary System
312
17
Reproductive Systems
332
17a SPECIAL TOPIC: Sexually Transmitted
Diseases and AIDS
352
18
Development throughout Life
362
18a SPECIAL TOPIC: Autism Spectrum
Disorders
383
19
Chromosomes and Cell Division
392
19a SPECIAL TOPIC: Stem Cells—A Repair Kit for
the Body
410
20
Genetics and Human Inheritance
417
21
DNA and Biotechnology
434
21a SPECIAL TOPIC: Cancer
455
22
Evolution and Our Heritage
469
23
Ecology, the Environment, and Us
491
24
Human Population, Limited Resources, and
Pollution
508
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Special Interest
Essays
Environmental Issues
Medicinal Plants and the Shrinking Rain Forest
2
Radon Gas: A Killer That Can Be Stopped
21
Toilet to Tap
28
The Deadly Interaction Between Asbestos and
Lysosomes
60
Noise Pollution
166
Lead Poisoning
206
Environment and Epigenetics
443
Genetically Modified Food
448
The Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
516
Air Pollution and Human Health
519
Ethical Issues
Anabolic Steroid Abuse
113
Hormone Therapy
180
Kidney Donation and Trafficking
326
Making Babies
373
Trisomy 21
405
Gene Testing
431
Forensic Science, DNA, and Personal Privacy
452
Conducting Research on Our Relatives
478
Maintaining Our Remaining Biodiversity
504
Health Issues
Mitochondrial Diseases Cause an Energy Shortage
in Our Bodies
64
Fun in the Sun?
81
Acne: The Miseries and Myths
82
Osteoporosis: Fragility and Aging
94
Neurotransmitters and Disease
124
Brain Injury: A Silent Epidemic
135
Hormonal Responses to Stress
187
Benefits of Cardiovascular Exercise
227
Rejection of Organ Transplants
253
Surviving a Common Cold
280
Smoking and Lung Disease
282
Peptic Ulcers
295
Urinalysis
320
Breast Cancer
344
Disparities in Health and Health Care at All Life
Stages
378
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2a Food Safety and Defense
37
Foodborne Illnesses
37
General Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment
37
Common Foodborne Infections
39
How Does Food Become Contaminated?
39
Methods of Combating Food Contamination
40
Keeping Food Safe at International and National
Levels
41
International Oversight
41
National Oversight
41
Food Defense and Bioterrorism
41
Personal Food Safety
42
Food Selection
42
Food Handling and Storage
43
3
The Cell
45
Eukaryotic Cells Compared with Prokaryotic Cells
45
Cell Size and Microscopy
47
Cell Structure and Function
47
Plasma Membrane
48
Plasma Membrane Structure
48
Plasma Membrane Functions
49
Movement Across the Plasma Membrane
50
Organelles
53
Nucleus
53
Endoplasmic Reticulum
54
Golgi Complex
54
Lysosomes
54
Mitochondria
57
Cytoskeleton
58
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation in the Generation
of ATP
59
Cellular Respiration
60
Fermentation
63
Environmental Issue
The Deadly Interaction between Asbestos and Lysosomes
60
Health Issue
Mitochondrial Diseases Cause an Energy Shortage in Our
Bodies
64
PART I
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY
1
Humans in the World of Biology
1
Basic Characteristics of All Living Things
1
Classification by Evolutionary Relationship
4
Levels of Biological Organization
5
Scientific Method
6
Inductive and Deductive Reasoning
9
Clinical Trials
9
Epidemiological Studies
10
Critical Thinking to Evaluate Scientific Claims
10
Environmental Issue
Medicinal Plants and the Shrinking Rain Forest
2
2
Chemistry Comes to Life
14
The Nature of Atoms
14
Elements
15
Isotopes and Radioisotopes
15
Compounds and Chemical Bonds
17
Covalent Bonds
18
Ionic Bonds
18
The Role of Water in Life
20
Polarity and Hydrogen Bonds
20
Properties of Water
21
Acids and Bases
22
The pH Scale
22
Buffers
23
Major Molecules of Life
24
Carbohydrates
24
Lipids
26
Proteins
29
Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides
32
Environmental Issues
Radon Gas: A Killer That Can Be Stopped
21
Toilet to Tap
28
Detailed
Contents
About the Authors
xvii
Preface
xviii
