Table Of ContentBIODIVERSITY AND
CONSERVATION
Characterization and Utilization of
Plants, Microbes, and Natural Resources
for Sustainable Development and
Ecosystem Management
Current Advances in Biodiversity, Conservation, and
Environmental Sciences
BIODIVERSITY AND
CONSERVATION
Characterization and Utilization of
Plants, Microbes, and Natural Resources
for Sustainable Development and
Ecosystem Management
Edited by
Jeyabalan Sangeetha, PhD
Devarajan Thangadurai, PhD
Hong Ching Goh, PhD
Saher Islam, MPhil
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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Title: Biodiversity and conservation : characterization and utilization of plants, microbes, and natural
resources for sustainable development and ecosystem management / edited by Jeyabalan Sangeetha,
PhD, Devarajan Thangadurai, PhD, Hong Ching Goh, PhD, Saher Islam, MPhil
Other titles: Biodiversity and conservation (Oakville, Ont.)
Names: Sangeetha, Jeyabalan, editor. | Thangadurai, D., editor. | Goh, Hong Ching, editor. |
Islam, Saher, editor.
Description: Series statement: Current advances in biodiversity, conservation, and environmental
sciences | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: Canadiana (print) 20190071648 | Canadiana (ebook) 20190071710 |
ISBN 9781771887489 (hardcover) | ISBN 9780429425790 (PDF)
Subjects: LCSH: Biodiversity. | LCSH: Nature conservation.
Classification: LCC QH541.15.B56 B56 2019 | DDC 333.95/16—dc23
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Sangeetha, Jeyabalan, editor. | Thangadurai, D., editor. | Goh, Hong Ching, editor. | Islam, Saher, editor.
Title: Biodiversity and conservation : characterization and utilization of plants, microbes, and natural
resources for sustainable development and ecosystem management / editors: Jeyabalan Sangeetha,
Devarajan Thangadurai, Hong Ching Goh, Saher Islam.
Description: Waretown, NJ : Apple Academic Press, 2019. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019006903 (print) | LCCN 2019008372 (ebook) | ISBN 9780429425790 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781771887489 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Biodiversity. | Nature conservation.
Classification: LCC QH541.15.B56 (ebook) | LCC QH541.15.B56 B5668 2019 (print) | DDC 333.95/16--dc23
LC record available at hhttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019006903
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ABOUT THE EDITORS
Jeyabalan Sangeetha, PhD
Assistant Professor, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod,
South India
Jeyabalan Sangeetha, PhD, is an Assistant Professor at the Central
University of Kerala at Kasaragod, South India. She earned her BSc in
Microbiology and PhD in Environmental Science from Bharathidasan
University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India. She holds an MSc in Envi-
ronmental Science from Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu,
India. She is the recipient of a Tamil Nadu Government Scholarship and a
Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship of the University Grants Commission,
Government of India for her doctoral studies. She served as a Dr. D.S.
Kothari Postdoctoral Fellow and a UGC Postdoctoral Fellow at Karnatak
University, Dharwad, South India during 2012–2016 with funding from
the University Grants Commission, Government of India, New Delhi. Her
research interests are in environmental toxicology, environmental micro-
biology, and environmental biotechnology, and her scientific/community
leadership has included serving as editor of an international journal, Acta
Biololgica Indica.
Devarajan Thangadurai, PhD
Senior Assistant Professor, Karnatak University, Dharwad, South India
Devarajan Thangadurai, PhD, is a Senior Assistant Professor at Karnatak
University in South India and President of the International Society for
Applied Biotechnology and General Secretary for the Association for
the Advancement of Biodiversity Science. In addition, Dr. Thangadurai
is Editor-in-Chief of two international journals, Biotechnology, Bioin-
formatics, and Bioengineering and Acta Biologica Indica. He received
his PhD in Botany from Sri Krishnadevaraya University in South India.
During 2002–2004, he worked as a CSIR Senior Research Fellow with
funding from the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of
India. He served as a Postdoctoral Fellow at the University of Madeira,
Portugal; University of Delhi, India, and ICAR National Research Centre
vi About the Editors
for Banana, India. He is the recipient of the Best Young Scientist Award
with a Gold Medal from Acharya Nagarjuna University, India, and the
VGST-SMYSR Young Scientist Award of the Government of Karnataka,
Republic of India. He has authored and edited 19 books including Genetic
Resources and Biotechnology (3 vols.); Genes, Genomes, and Genomics
(2 vols.); Mycorrhizal Biotechnology, Genomics and Proteomics, Indus-
trial Biotechnology; and Environmental Biotechnology, with publishers
of national and international reputation. He has also visited Bangladesh,
China, Egypt, Georgia, Indonesia, Italy, Malaysia, Maldives, Myanmar,
Nepal, Oman, Portugal, Russia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Ukraine, United
Arab Emirates, and Vietnam for academic work, scientific meetings, and
international collaborations.
Hong Ching Goh, PhD
Senior Lecturer, Department of Urban and Regional Planning,
Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Malaya, Malaysia
Hong Ching Goh, PhD is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Urban
and Regional Planning, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Malaya,
Malaysia. She holds a Doctor of Natural Science (Geography) from Rhein-
ische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaet Bonn, Germany. She received a
bachelor’s degree in Urban and Regional Planning and an MSc in Tourism
Planning from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. She worked for five years
in the real estate sector before pursuing her doctoral study when she
received a three-year scholarship from the German Academic Exchange
Services (DAAD) in 2004 and was attached to the Centre for Develop-
ment Research (ZEF) in Bonn as a Junior Researcher. She is a Corporate
Member of the Malaysia Institute of Planners (MIP) and a Registered
Member of the Board of Town Planners Malaysia. She is also an active
member of the Forum for Urban Future in Southeast Asia, a network of
Southeast Asian and German Experts. She was a Visiting Scholar and
participated in the 2014/2015 MIT-UTM Sustainable Cities Program. She
is also a member of the Global Young Academy, of which her membership
serves a five-year term (2015–2019). At present, she is a core member
of the Landuse Governance Unit under the Spatial-Environmental Gover-
nance for Sustainability Research Centre (UMSERGE). She has two main
research interests: tourism and urban studies. For the former, she focuses
on tourism governance, tourism planning, and impact management in
natural heritage and protected areas. For the latter, she focuses on natural
About the Editors vii
resource and environmental issues and governance, sustainable develop-
ment of cities, urbanization, and the related risks.
Saher Islam, MPhil
Higher Education Commission (HEC) Scholar, Islamic Republic of
Pakistan at the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS),
Lahore, Pakistan
Saher Islam, MPhil, is a PhD candidate in Molecular Biology and Biotech-
nology and a Higher Education Commission (HEC) Scholar of the Islamic
Republic of Pakistan at the University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences
(UVAS), Lahore, where she received her MPhil in Molecular Biology and
her BS in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics. She worked as a Research
Associate in a project funded by Grand Challenges Canada at UVAS. She
served as an internee at the Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial
Research (PCSIR), Lahore. She has visited United Kingdom, Singapore,
Germany, United Arab Emirates, Egypt, Italy, Russia, and Maldives for
training, courses, and meetings. She is the recipient of the 2016 Boeh-
ringer Ingelheim Fonds Travel Grant and the 2016 Travel Grant from the
Wildlife Conservation Society. She has research interests in molecular
biology, bioinformatics, genetics, and conservation biology.
ABOUT THE SERIES
CURRENT ADVANCES IN BIODIVERSITY, CONSERVATION AND
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
SERIES EDITORS:
Jeyabalan Sangeetha, PhD
Assistant Professor, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, South India
Devarajan Thangadurai, PhD
Assistant Professor, Karnatak University, Dharwad, South India
Nature is that entity composed of three main internally interactive compo-
nents: biodiversity–human–environment. These are triangularly related
aspects of life science, and the interdependency of these three reflects
the crucial need of maintenance of equilibrium in their interaction.Both
human and biodiversity are two interactive phases of environment that
provide a necessary platform for interaction. Being part of biodiversity,
human life is almost dependent on biodiversity and its products. This is
the point where the human–biodiversity interaction fluctuates due to over-
exploitation of biodiversity, where humans take more than the basic needs
of human life. Over the past few centuries, this fluctuation in interaction
has caused dramatic depletion of biodiversity and thus a drastic change
in environment. This has now boomeranged on human life significantly.
This variation in the interaction triangle has already travelled the long
path of time. Until now, conservationists and life scientists are thinking of
restoring the equilibrium in the interaction triangle by taking innovative
steps in conserving biodiversity and protecting the environment.
Conservation Biology and Environmental Science are the hotspots of
research activities over the past several decades. This has caused much-
needed development in observing, identifying, gathering, storing, and
analyzing information, social awareness, planning, and advancement in
conservation tools and techniques. Conservation biologists have given
more importance to building stronger networks of specialists and experts
