Bio-Glasses: An Introduction

258 Pages·2012·3.241 MB·English

Bio-Glasses
Bio-Glasses
An Introduction
Edited by
Julian R. Jones
Department of Materials, Imperial College London,
London, UK
Alexis G. Clare
New York State College of Ceramics, Alfred University,
Alfred, New York, USA
A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication
Thiseditionfirstpublished2012
©2012JohnWileyandSons,Ltd.
Registeredoffice
JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd.,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussex,PO198SQ,United
Kingdom
Fordetailsofourglobaleditorialoffices,forcustomerservicesandforinformationabouthowto
applyforpermissiontoreusethecopyrightmaterialinthisbookpleaseseeourwebsiteat
www.wiley.com.
Therightoftheauthortobeidentifiedastheauthorofthisworkhasbeenassertedinaccordance
withtheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,or
transmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recordingor
otherwise,exceptaspermittedbytheUKCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988,withoutthe
priorpermissionofthepublisher.
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprint
maynotbeavailableinelectronicbooks.
Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.All
brandnamesandproductnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksor
registeredtrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.Thepublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproduct
orvendormentionedinthisbook.Thispublicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritative
informationinregardtothesubjectmattercovered.Itissoldontheunderstandingthatthe
publisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Ifprofessionaladviceorotherexpert
assistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbesought.
Thepublisherandtheauthormakenorepresentationsorwarrantieswithrespecttotheaccuracyor
completenessofthecontentsofthisworkandspecificallydisclaimallwarranties,includingwithout
limitationanyimpliedwarrantiesoffitnessforaparticularpurpose.Thisworkissoldwiththe
understandingthatthepublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.Theadviceand
strategiescontainedhereinmaynotbesuitableforeverysituation.Inviewofongoingresearch,
equipmentmodifications,changesingovernmentalregulations,andtheconstantflowofinformation
relatingtotheuseofexperimentalreagents,equipment,anddevices,thereaderisurgedtoreview
andevaluatetheinformationprovidedinthepackageinsertorinstructionsforeachchemical,piece
ofequipment,reagent,ordevicefor,amongotherthings,anychangesintheinstructionsor
indicationofusageandforaddedwarningsandprecautions.Thefactthatanorganizationorweb
siteisreferredtointhisworkasacitationand/orapotentialsourceoffurtherinformationdoesnot
meanthattheauthororthepublisherendorsestheinformationtheorganizationorwebsitemay
provideorrecommendationsitmaymake.Further,readersshouldbeawarethatInternetwebsites
listedinthisworkmayhavechangedordisappearedbetweenwhenthisworkwaswrittenandwhen
itisread.Nowarrantymaybecreatedorextendedbyanypromotionalstatementsforthiswork.
Neitherthepublishernortheauthorshallbeliableforanydamagesarisingherefrom.
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Bio-glasses:anintroduction/[editedby]JulianJonesandAlexisG.Clare.
p.;cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-71161-3(cloth)
I.Jones,JulianR.II.Clare,Alexis.
[DNLM:1.BiocompatibleMaterials.2.Glass.3.DrugDeliverySystems.4.Regeneration.
5.TissueScaffolds.QT37]
610.28–dc23
2012008850
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN:978-0-470-71161-3
Typesetin10.5/13SabonbyLaserwordsPrivateLimited,Chennai,India
Contents
ListofContributors xi
Foreword xiii
Preface xvii
1 TheUniqueNatureofGlass 1
AlexisG.Clare
1.1 WhatisGlass? 1
1.2 MakingGlass 5
1.3 HomogeneityandPhaseSeparation 8
1.4 Forming 9
1.5 Glassesthatarenot‘‘Melted’’ 10
1.6 ExoticGlass 11
1.7 Summary 11
FurtherReading 12
2 Melt-DerivedBioactiveGlass 13
MatthewD.O’Donnell
2.1 Bioglass 13
2.1.1 IntroductiontoBioglass 13
2.1.2 TheMaterialsPropertiesofBioglass 15
2.1.3 MechanismofBioactivityandEffect
ofGlassComposition 15
2.2 NetworkConnectivityandBioactivity 18
vi CONTENTS
2.3 AlternativeBioactiveGlassCompositions 19
2.4 InVitroStudies 22
2.5 InVivoStudiesandCommercialProducts 22
2.5.1 AnimalStudies 22
2.5.2 HumanClinicalStudiesandCommercial
Products 24
References 26
3 Sol-GelDerivedGlassesforMedicine 29
JulianR.Jones
3.1 Introduction 29
3.2 WhyUsetheSol-GelProcess? 30
3.3 Sol-GelProcessPrinciples 31
3.4 StepsinaTypicalSol-GelProcess 32
3.4.1 Stage1:Mixing 33
3.4.2 Stage2:Casting 34
3.4.3 Stage3:Gelation 34
3.4.4 Stage4:Ageing 34
3.4.5 Stage5:Drying 35
3.4.6 Stage6:Stabilisation 35
3.4.7 Stage7:Densification 35
3.5 EvolutionofNanoporosity 36
3.6 MakingSol-GelMonoliths 37
3.7 MakingParticles 38
3.8 Sol-GelDerivedBioactiveGlasses 40
3.9 Summary 42
References 43
4 PhosphateGlasses 45
DeliaS.Brauer
4.1 Introduction 45
4.2 MakingPhosphateGlasses 46
4.3 PhosphateGlassStructure 46
4.4 TemperatureBehaviourandCrystallisation 50
4.5 PhosphateGlassDissolution 56
4.6 CellCompatibilityofGlasses 58
4.7 PhosphateGlassFibresandComposites 60
4.8 Applications 62
4.9 Summary 63
References 63
CONTENTS vii
5 TheStructureofBioactiveGlassesandTheirSurfaces 65
AlastairN.Cormack
5.1 StructureofGlasses 65
5.2 StructureofBioactiveGlasses 68
5.3 ComputerModeling(TheoreticalSimulation)of
BioactiveGlasses 69
5.4 GlassSurfaces 72
5.5 Summary 74
References 74
6 BioactiveBorateGlasses 75
StevenB.Jung
6.1 Introduction 75
6.2 WhatDifferentiatesaBioactiveBorateGlassfrom
OtherBioactiveGlasses? 76
6.3 EvaluatingReactiveMaterials(InVitro
VersusInVivoTesting) 79
6.4 MultifunctionalBioactiveBorateGlasses 81
6.5 ApplicationsofBioactiveBorateGlassesin
OrthopedicsandDentalRegeneration 84
6.6 SoftTissueWoundHealing 86
6.7 Tissue/VesselGuidance 90
6.8 DrugDelivery 91
6.9 CommercialProductDesign 92
6.10 Summary 94
References 94
7 Glass-Ceramics 97
WolframHo¨land
7.1 Glass-CeramicsandTheirUses 97
7.2 MethodsUsedfortheControlledCrystallizationof
Glasses 99
7.3 AGlass-CeramicthatHardlyExpands
WhenHeated 101
7.4 High-Strength,MoldableGlass-Ceramics
forDentalRestoration 102
7.5 Glass-CeramicsthatareMoldableandMachinable 104
7.6 Outlook 104
References 105
viii CONTENTS
8 BioactiveGlassandGlass-CeramicCoatings 107
EnricaVerne´
8.1 Introduction 107
8.2 Enameling 108
8.3 Glazing 112
8.4 PlasmaSpraying 115
8.5 RadiofrequencyMagnetronSputteringDeposition 117
8.6 PulsedLaserDeposition 117
8.7 Summary 118
References 118
9 CompositesContainingBioactiveGlass 121
AldoR.Boccaccini,JulianR.Jones,andQi-ZhiChen
9.1 Introduction 121
9.2 BiodegradablePolymers 125
9.2.1 NaturalPolymers 125
9.2.2 SyntheticPolymers 126
9.3 CompositeScaffoldsContainingBioactiveGlass 129
9.4 ProcessingTechnologiesforPorousBioactive
Composites 131
9.4.1 ThermallyInducedPhaseSeparation 133
9.4.2 SolidFreeformFabrication/Rapid
Prototyping 134
9.4.3 OtherProcessingRoutes 136
9.5 CaseStudy:thePDLLA-BioglassComposite
ScaffoldSystem 136
9.6 FinalRemarks 137
References 138
10 Inorganic-OrganicSol-GelHybrids 139
YukiShirosaki,AkiyoshiOsaka,KanjiTsuru,andSatoshi
Hayakawa
10.1 Introduction 139
10.2 HybridsinMedicineandWhyTheyShouldBe
Silica-Based 140
10.3 Self-AssembledHybridFilmsandLayers
ofGraftedSilanes 143
10.4 Sol-GelHybrids 144
10.5 Ormosils 146
CONTENTS ix
10.6 PolymerChoiceandPropertyControlinHybrids 149
10.6.1 Silica/Gelatin 151
10.7 MaintainingBioactivityinSol-GelHybrids 152
10.7.1 CalciumIncorporationinSol-GelHybrids 153
10.7.2 Calcium-ContainingOrmosils 154
10.7.3 Ormotites 154
10.7.4 HybridsfromVinylsilanesorOther
BifunctionalSilanes 155
10.8 SummaryandOutlook 156
FurtherReading 156
11 DentalApplicationsofGlasses 159
LeenaHupaandAnttiYli-Urpo
11.1 Introduction 159
11.2 StructureoftheHumanTooth 160
11.3 GlassBioactivityandTeeth 161
11.4 BioactiveGlassinDentalBoneRegeneration 164
11.5 TreatmentofHypersensitiveTeeth 166
11.6 BioactiveGlassCoatingonMetalImplants 167
11.7 AntimicrobialPropertiesofBioactiveGlasses 170
11.8 BioactiveGlassesinPolymerComposites 171
11.9 BioactiveGlassesinGlassIonomerCements 172
11.10 Summary 173
References 173
12 BioactiveGlassasSyntheticBoneGraftsandScaffolds
forTissueEngineering 177
JulianR.Jones
12.1 Introduction 177
12.2 SyntheticBoneGraftsandRegenerativeMedicine 179
12.3 DesignCriteriaforanIdealSyntheticBoneGraft 181
12.4 BioglassandtheComplicationofCrystallisation
DuringSintering 182
12.5 MakingPorousGlasses 183
12.5.1 SpaceHolderMethod 183
12.5.2 PolymerFoamReplication 185
12.5.3 DirectFoaming 187
12.5.4 Gel-CastFoaming 187
12.5.5 Sol-GelFoamingProcess 190
x CONTENTS
12.5.6 SolidFreeformFabrication 193
12.5.7 SummaryofBioactiveGlassScaffold
Processing 194
12.6 TheFuture:PorousHybrids 194
12.7 BioactiveGlassesandTissueEngineering 198
12.8 RegulatoryIssues 199
12.9 Summary 200
FurtherReading 200
13 GlassesforRadiotherapy 203
DelbertE.Day
13.1 Introduction 203
13.2 GlassDesignandSynthesis 206
13.3 Non-DegradableorBio-inertGlasses:RareEarth
AluminosilicateGlasses 206
13.3.1 Preparation 207
13.3.2 Properties 208
13.4 BiodegradableGlasses:RareEarthBorate/
BorosilicateGlasses 209
13.5 DesignofRadioactiveGlassMicrospheres
forInVivoApplications 211
13.5.1 GlassParticleShape 211
13.5.2 UsefulRadioisotopes 212
13.5.3 RadiationDose 212
13.5.4 TumorResponseandTailoringofGlass
Composition 213
13.6 TreatmentofLiverCancer:Hepatocellular
Carcinoma 215
13.7 TreatmentofKidneyCancer:RenalCell
Carcinoma 220
13.8 TreatmentofRheumatoidArthritis:Radiation
Synovectomy 221
13.9 Summary 225
References 226
Index 229
List of Contributors
AldoR.Boccaccini
DepartmentofMaterialsScienceandEngineering,Universityof
Erlangen-Nuremberg,Erlangen,Germany
DeliaS.Brauer
OttoSchottInstitute,FriedrichSchillerUniversityJena,Jena,Germany
Qi-ZhiChen
DepartmentofMaterialsEngineering,MonashUniversity,Clayton,
Victoria,Australia
AlexisG.Clare
KazuoInamoriSchoolofEngineering,NewYorkStateCollegeof
Ceramics,AlfredUniversity,Alfred,USA
AlastairN.Cormack
KazuoInamoriSchoolofEngineering,NewYorkStateCollegeof
Ceramics,AlfredUniversity,Alfred,USA
DelbertE.Day
CenterforBoneandTissueRepair,GraduateCenterforMaterials
Research,MaterialsScienceandEngineeringDepartment,Missouri
UniversityofScienceandTechnology,Rolla,Missouri,USA
SatoshiHayakawa
DepartmentofBioscienceandBiotechnology,OkayamaUniversity,
Tsushima,Okayama,Japan