Big Island II: Addendum to the Recovery Plan for the Big Island Plant Cluster... United States Department of the Interior

119 Pages·1996·8.8 MB·English

by  Department of the Interior

0b/)- L- 0 Ty? 79k;£ 5 2
AAG 2
Big Isiand Il: Addendum
to the Recovery Plan for the
Big Island Plant Cluster
Clermontia drepanomorpha (from Wagner et al. 1990).
PEDSZ-O3Y ZAE
(As the Nation's principal conservation agency, the
Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of
our nationally owned public lands and natural resources.
This includes fostthee wirsesit unse gof o ur land and water
resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the
environmental and cultural values of our national parks
and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of
life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses
our e.. *rgy and mineral resources and works to assure that
their development is in the best interests of all our people.
The Department also has a major responsibility for
American Indian reservation communities and for people
who live in island Territories under U.S. administration.
\\
BIG ISLAND Il:
ADDENDUM TO THE RECOVERY PLAN
FOR THE BIG ISLAND PLANT CLUSTER
Publishebd y
US. Fish and Wildlife Service
Portland, Oregon
DISCLAIMER
Recovery plans delineate reasonable actions that are believed to be required to
recover and/or protect listed species. Plans are published by the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, and sometimes prepared with the assistance of recovery teams,
contrStaate cagetncioes,r ansd o,the rs. Objewicll bte aittaivnede ansd a ny
necessary funds made available subject to budgetary and other constraints
affecting the parties involved, as well as the need to address other priorities.
Cosis indicated for task implementation and/or time for achievement of recovery
are estiandm suabjectt teo cshan ge. These costs are inclusive of estimated
salaries for individuals who would carry out the identified task. Recovery plans
do not necessarily represent the views, official positions or approval of any
individuals or agencies involved in plan formulation, other than the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service. They represent the official position of the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service only after they have been signed by the Regional Director or
Direacs tappororved . Approved recovery plans are subject to modification as
dictated by new findings, changes in species status, and the completion of
recovery tasks.
Literature Citation: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1998. Big IslanIdI :
Addendum to the Recovery Plan for the Big Island Plant Cluster. U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, Portland, OR. 80 pages + appendices.
Addicopites miay obe pnurchaasedl fr om:
Fish and Wildlife RefereSnercveic e
5430 GrosvLanee,n Suoiter 1 10
Bethesda, Maryland 20814
telephone: [phone] or 1-800-582-3421
fax: [phone]
e-mail: [email protected]
Fees for plans vary depending on the number of pages.
\S
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Big Island II Addendum was prepared by U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
(Service) biologist Karen “Kitti” Jensen, Pacific Islands Ecoregion, Honolulu,
Hawaii. Invaluable assistance was provided by the Service’s Division of
EcolSerovicges iBig cIslaand lTea m.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Current Species Status: This serves as an addendum to the Recovery Plan for
the Big IslandI I Plant Cluster Recovery Plan (Service 1996b). This addendum
covers 13 plant taxa endemic to the island of Hawaii (Big ‘slaanll dlis)te,d a s
endangered under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended. The current
known numbers of populations and total numbers of individuals are as follows,
listed by wild populations and populaations that are cultivated in gardens or
outplinaton extcloesudres :
Taxon wild cultivated/outplanted
Clermontia drepanomorpha 6 237-292
Cyanea platyphylla 29 1 12
Hibiscadelphus giffardianus 1 9
Hibiscadelphus huaialaiensis 3 30
Melicope zahlbruckneri 2 30-35
Neraudia ovata 3 11
Phyllostegia racemosa 3 35-45
Phyllostegia velutina 5 63-116
Phyllostegia warshaueri 4 5-10
Pleomele hawaiiensis 9 274-324
Pritchardia schatiaueri 3 12 2 72
Sicyos alba 2 21
Zanthoxylum dipetalum 1 24 1 20 (approx.)
var. tomentosum.
All of these taxa are endemic to the Big Island.
Habitat Requirande Lmimietinng tFacstor s: The Big Island is the largest,
highest, and youngest of the Hawaiian Islands, and was built by at least six
volcanic mountains. As a result, the taxa included in this adderdum grow in a
variety of vegetative communities (shrublands, forest, and mixed communities),
elevational zones (lowland to montane), and moisture regimes (dry to wet). They
and their habitats are currently threatened by one or more of the following:
habitat degradation by feral or domestic animals (goats, pigs, cattle, and sheep);
competiftori sopance , light, water, and nutrients by introduced vegetation; fire, a
threat which is exacerbated by introduced grasses; direct human perturbatisounc h
as recreaand tmiliitaory nactaiviltie s; pest invertebrates; disease; and
vulnerability to random events and genetic limitations due to small population
size.
Recovery Objectives: The ultimate objective for all taxa is delisting. Interim,
downanld deilistsing tcritierian arge pr,ovid ed. It iss uggtehats rtecoeverdy of
Big Island II Plant Cluster taxa be pursued via the establishment of management
units in order to make the most efficient use of available resources and to
conserve not only these taxa, but their habitats.
Recovery Criteria: The following criteria may be revised as more information is
obtaabouit snpecieficd ta xa.
dsesten caltadl
The interim objective is to stabilize all existing populations of the Big Island II
taxa. To be considered stable, each taxon must be managed to control threats
(e.g., fenced) and be representien da r 2x situ cuilection. In additai moinnim,um
total of three populations of each taxon should be documented on the Big Island.
Each of these populations must be naturally reproducing and increasing in
number, with a minimum of 25 mature individuals per population (minimum of
75 mature plants) for long-lived perennials, a minimum of 50 mature individuals
per population (minimum of 150 mature plants) for short-lived perennials, and a
minimum of 100 mature individuals per population (minimum of 300 mature
planfort asnnu)als .
Downlistine criteri
For downl: sting, a total of five to seven populations of each taxon should be
documented on the Big Island. Each of these populations must be naturally
reproducing, stable or increasing in number, and secure from threats, with a
minimum of 100 mature individuals per population for long-lived perennials, a
minimum of 300 mature individuals per population for short-lived perennials, and
a minimum of 500 mature individuals per population for annuals. Each
population should persist at this level for a minimum of 5 consecutive years
before downliiss ctonisinderged .
Delisting criteri
For delisting, a total of 8 to 10 populations of each taxon should be documented
on the Big Island. Each of these populations must be naturally reproducing, stable
or increasing in number, and secure from threats, with a minimum of 100 mature
individuals per population for long-lived perennials, a minimum of 300
individuals per population for short-lived perennials, and a minimum of 500
mature individuals per population for annuals. Each populshaoutld iperosinst at
this level for a minimum of 5 consecutive years.
y|
Actions Needed:
1. Protect current populations and manage threats.
2. Conduct essential research.
3. Expand existing wild populations, as necessary.
4. Create new populations within historical range, as necessary.
5. Evaluate and validate recovery objectives.
Total Estimated Cost of Recovery ($1,600) for the Big Island
and Big Island II Plants Clus*<rs. Some costs are yet to be determined*:
Year Need! Need2 Need3 Need4 Need5S Total
1996 279 0 91 146 0 516
1997 542 0 9] 146 0 779
1998 752 0 131 214 0 1097
1999 723 0 131 214 0 1068
2000 680 0 13} 214 0 1025
2001 649 238 129 214 0 1230
2002 629 238 11] 85 0 1063
2003 480 238 11] 85 0 914
2004 480 238 111 85 0 944
2005 480 238 111 85 30 944
2006 345 238 55 71 30 501
2007 345 0 26 62 30 433
2008 345 0 26 62 0 433
2009 345 0 26 62 0 433
2010 345 0 26 62 0 433
2011 345 0 26 62 0 433
2012 345 0 26 62 0 433
2013 345 0 26 62 0 433
2014 345 0 26 62 0 433
2015 345 0 26 62 0 433
2016 169 0 10 24 0 203
Total 9313 1,190 1,447 2,141 90 «14,181
*Recovery costs for the taxa in this addendum are based on a ratio of 13/22 from
the original estimates of the Recovery Plan for the Big Island Plant Cluster.
Original cost estimates were provided by cooperators currently implementing
iil
Date of Recovery: To be determined once more is known about the biology and
population dynamics of the Big Island II Plant Cluster.
lj
TABOF LCONETEN TS
Page
MEXCUTIVE GUGGARY 2... ccc cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccees iii
EE cnc dbdcoccccccceccccceceésecsesececseéeoesectes I
ET 2i o on nnn0so0ee0seeeeeseneeeeseseseeeseseses I
2. General Descripotf iHaobinta t ........ 6. ceceee nees 4
3. Reasons for Decline and Current Threats ..... 2... eee e nee a
4. Overall ComservatEifofonrt s ...cc.c cc.c cc.cccc.ccc.sccc.ccc es 10
EE 5006066 cocccscccccccccedéeceéococccccoccces 13
Clermontia drepamomorpha ..... 6.6.6e6cw n uns 13
CTD. cccceccecececcoccecesceossceceococes 16
Hibiscadelphus giffardianus ....... 2... 666 ccc cen neues 19
Hibiscadelphus hualalaiensis ...6..6.066. .ce.ce. nes 21
PEED cccccocescccceceoaceenecenccecccets 24
| EEPPOTTTITTTTTTTTTITTT TTIT TTTTT TTTTT TTe 27
PRED © 0 coccccccccecscoecesseeeonccocoeces 30
FUMED o ccccccccccccccccccccececeococccesecs 32
Phyllostegia warshaweri ... 6. eee enn unns 35
PR IED 0 cccccccccccccdecccoeccccccocccsccese 38
PURGING cc ncncccccceccccoccscceseccooecscce 41
PGE coccccecccccccccecenccencccocesecesceeceocees 43
Zanthdipeotalxum yvatl. toumenmtos um .... 6. oo ce 46
6. Overall Recovery Strategy ..... 6... ccc cece ene e neues 48
PPPPPPPYYTTITITITITITITTTTTTTTTTT TTrTTrTT TrrTrT Tre e 49
Se GED coccccccccccccccccccccccocccccccccoenccoeeceses 49
Be SD ccc cccccccccccccccccccccccceocccoccecccoes $7
3. Stopdown Nesrative 22... . ccc cc cccccccccccccccccccsseesceess 57
LITERATURE CITED |. ooo. en eues 59
IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE ..... 2.1066e6cu6 nee 68
APPENDIX H - AGENCY AND PEER REVIEWERS ................. H-1
APPENDIX I - LINE DRAWINGS OF PLANTS ..2..... 666.66 .ce n I-1
APPENDIX J - MAPS DEPICTING DISTRIBUTION OF TAXA ......... J-1
a]
LIOSF TTABL ES
Table 1. Summary of Big Island II Plant Cluster habitat types and associated
SEDGE cccccccccccnccenecsdsccnccodevcccessndecdedooes 5
Table 2. Summary of threats to taxa in the Big Island I Plant Cluster ...... 51
Table 3. Seeds, cultures, and plants of the Big Island [I Piant Cluster in
storage and/or propagation in ex sifu collections ................ 12
Table 4. napcentn-ess ‘ay: >h ppa aeea aa azamnaaia
EEE cceddcvocecoeseacecececoeccessecss 51
LIOFS FITGUR ES
: Location of Potential Areas on the Island of Hawaii for
Consideration as Management Units for the Hawaii Plant
SPEED covcvccccncccocececscocecceesesoeses 56
x