Bibliography of biodiversity studies in the Eastern Arc Mountains

327 Pages·2007·2.11 MB·English

A partially
Annotated Bibliography
of Biodiversity Studies
in the Eastern Arc Mountains

The Eastern Arc Mountains supporting moist forest range from the Makambako Gap in
southern Udzungwa of Tanzania to the Taita Hills in Kenya

J.A.Isango

TANZANIA FORESTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE (TAFORI)

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A partially
Annotated Bibliography
of Biodiversity Studies
in the Eastern Arc Mountains

J.A.Isango

TANZANIA FORESTRY RESEARCH INSTITUTE (TAFORI)

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©TAFORI, and CMEAMF 2007
All rights reserved. This bibliography should not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electric, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without a prior permission in writing of the Tanzania Forestry
Research Institute (TAFORI) and Conservation and Management of the Eastern Arc
Mountain Forests (CMEAMF).

ISBN ………….

Second Edition 2007

Tanzania Forestry Research Institute (TAFORI) Tel: [phone]
P.O. Box 1854, TELEFAX 255 023 3725
MOROGORO-TANZANIA E-mail: [email protected]

Compiled with assistance from the Conservation and Management of the Eastern Arc
Mountain Forests Project (CMEAMF)

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CONTENTS

List of acronyms and abbreviations i

Preamble ii

Partially Annotated Bibliography on Eastern Arc Mountain Forests 1

Subject index 315

Appendix 1 Biodiversity studies for the period of 1927-2007 320

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i
LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

CITES Conservation on International Trade in Endangered species of flora and
fauna.
CMEAMF Conservation and Management of the Eastern Arc Mountain Forests
Project
COSTECH Tanzania Commission for Science & Technology
DANIDA Danish International Development Agency
EANHS East African Natural History Society
TAFORI Tanzania Forestry Research Institute
FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Nations
FINNIDA Finnish International Development Agency
FORST Forestry Research Support in Tanzania-Support of TAFORI by the
Government of Finland
IRA Institute of Resource Assessment
ILDP Integrated Livestock Development Project
IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature (World Conservation
Union)
IUFRO International Union of Forestry Research Organisations
MEMA Matumizi Endelevu ya Misitu Asili (Udzungwa Mountain Forest
Management and Natural Woodlands Management Project-DANIDA
NEMC National Environment Management Council
NSS National Soil Service (Tanzania)
TANESCO Tanzania Electricity Supply Company
TARO Tanzania Agricultural Research Organisation
TANAPA Tanzania National Parks
TIRDEP Tanga Integrated Rural Development Programme
SECAP Soil Erosion Control & Agroforestry Project
SUA Sokoine University of Agriculture
UDSM University of Dar es Salaam
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
WCST Wildlife Conservation Society of Tanzania
WWF Worldwide Fund for Nature

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ii
PREAMBLE

The Eastern Mountains are chain of isolated ancient crystalline mountains, extending
from Makambako Gap in south Udzungwa of Tanzania to the Taita Hills in Kenya. It was
formed by repeated uplifts and faults, and is under direct climactic influence from Indian
Ocean. The annual rainfall is high on eastern than western side of mountains. The
mountains are globally important for high level of endemism (hot spots) for plants and
animals. They are also important as major sources of water and hydropower, forest based
products and agricultural production. The importance of Eastern Arc Mountains is
obtained from published and unpublished literature of Researchers. Also from literature it
is known that at least 96 vertebrate and 800 vascular plant species are endemic. Seventy
one of the endemic or near-endemic vertebrates are threatened by extinction and
hundreds of vascular plant species are also threatened. Thus literature on biodiversity
research in Eastern Arc Mountain Forests (EAMF) presents a valuable source of
information for conservation and management of Eastern Arc Mountains. Although this
is well known that biodiversity studies have been conducted in this area for the past 80
years (1927 -2007) the literature has not been used to its full potential or synthesized
mainly because of the absence of an easily accessible centralized collection of references,
(database) as well as the dispersed location of many of the documents. This shortcoming
prompted to consolidate the literature which culminated into the first edition. This second
edition has come as result of proliferation of literature for the past 5 years thus being an
update of first edition. The update will establish the extent reached presently by
researchers, and this is important for conservation and management, and will act as
planning tool for future studies, thus reduce duplication of efforts by researchers.
The bibliography is restricted to the work undertaken in or specifically relevant to the
Eastern Arc Mountains Forests of Tanzania and Kenya. The collection covers the
following subjects: History of Eastern Arc, land use, Law and Policy, environmental
studies, biodiversity survey, impacts of activities on biodiversity, ethno botany studies
Biological studies, sociological studies, Forest management plans, Research projects &
reports, Biodiversity conservation programmes, Status & Conservation of biodiversity,
Non-timber forest products, Utilization of biodiversity, Threats of biodiversity and
crosscutting studies. Both published and non published literatures have been surveyed,
from 1927 – 2007.
Information consulted for preparation of this work.
• A partially annotated bibliography of biodiversity studies in the Eastern Arc
Mountain Forests (basic) (Isango, 2001)
• Annnoted bibliography on biodiversity of catchment forest reserves of Iringa,
Arusha, Kilimanjaro, Morogoro and Tanga region (Howell, 1995)
• An annotated list of research reports issued by the silvicultural Research section
from 1951 – 1980 (Somi and Nshubemuki, 1980)
• List of literature available at Usambara Catchment Forest Project (Kijazi and
Johansson,1994)
• Compilation from Forestry Abstracts concerning Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda,
Ethiopia & Southern Sudan from 1951 – 1974 (Arvidsson, 1974)
• On line searches: CAB – abstracts from 1933-1997 and various websites

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• Publication from training and research institutions (SUA, UDSM,TAFORI and
Mlingano and other agricultural research institutions).
• Publication from Kew botanical garden – UK by letter request.
• Consulting Project Advisors : CMEAMF, MEMA, HIMA, Regional and District
Offices.
• From individual publishers

At least some 1,174 studies have been conducted in Eastern Arc mountain forests from
1927 to 2007. Most covered, are flora and fauna investigations: 26 percent, Conservation
& Status of forests 15 percent and 12 percent. The Least covered were Ethno-botany,
Impact of human activities on biodiversity, Land use, Law & Policy, and Sociological
studies in that order.

The First Edition of this Blibliography could have not come to fruition without the
generous technical and financial support of the then Forestry Research Support for
Tanzania Project (FORST), the Tanzania Forestry Research Institute (TAFORI),
Matumizi Endelevu ya Misitu Asili (MEMA) and the Second Edition financier CMEAMF
Project.

I am also grateful to Dr. L. Nshubemuki who proofread the entire bibliography and made
available comments and Dr. N. Burgess for supplying literatures.

This bibliography is by no means fully embracing. As more references become known, it
will be updated.

Arrangement is alphabetical by author. The subject index is provided at the end, it is
according to the Oxford Decimal Classification for Forestry.

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1. Aalbaek, A. 2001. Farmers’ tree planting and access to germplasm in
the southern highlands of Tanzania. Southern African Forestry Journal
191: 75 - 87

The paper examines the effects of insufficient availability of planting
material in farmer’s tree planting in the southern highlands of Tanzania.
Patterns in scale of farmers’ tree planting, species preferences, and
experienced availability of planting material are investigated and compared
with past sources of germplasm and with exisiting local nursery capacity.
Different aspects of insufficient access to germplasm and possibilities for
improving the germplasm supply situation are discussed. The study is
based on interviews in 38 villages of 356 farmers and 161 key-informants
and visits to nine nurseries. Most farmers in the southern highlands of
Tanzania plant significant numbers of trees and tree planting is an integral
part of farming systems. Main purposes of tree planting are fuelwood,
timber in a broad sense, and fruit production. People want to plant well-
known species, which in most cases are exotics, and many species,
popular among professionals, e.g. indigenous and multipurpose trees, are
not requested by farmers. Lack of planting material is the main constraint
to tree planting, and although small private or village-based nurseries are
now being established, they are still few and capacities are far below
demands. Nurseries mainly raise species with seed locally available, and
many species, preferred by farmers, especially fruit trees, are not
produced. Currently, most nursery owners are not able or willing to pay
for seed. An improved supply of seedlings and seed must be economically
sustainable at local level and there is a need for widespread promotion if
low-tech, low-input nursery production and an imporved seed supply
based on local seed sources.

2. Abdullahi, A.1998. Gender participation in natural resource
management in the East Usambara mountains. The Darwin Course in
Tropical Biology III/1998. Amani, East Usambara, Tanzania.

The study was conducted in Kisiwani and Mlesa villages in the East
Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. It involved the use of semi-structured
interviews alongside visual observations. Ten men and ten women were
interviewed in each of the study areas. Results were summarized using
percentiles. Observations in the villages show that there are neither
woman’s nor men’s groups concerned with natural resources
management. The younger age group’s rate of forest utilization differs
with gender. Females attest to forest use more than their male
counterparts and the products of interest differ between males and
females. Firewood is most in demand by both sexes, whereas timber is of
interest only to men. Only women collect spices and vegetables from the
forest. The recently established Amani Nature Reserve is a very important
source of resources for both sexes. In spite of the great role that women
play in natural resource use we found that no women groups concerned
with environmental issues. This is considered a setback for conservation
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measures. Participatory approach to resource management with
consideration for the affected groups meeting social and economic needs
of the community and encouragement of grassroots resources
conservation organizations are recommended.

3. Abeli, W.S. & Nsolomo, V.R. 1998. Causes of deforestation in
Tanzania and possible measures to take. In: Chamshama, S.A.O. (ed).
Proceedings of the First Annual Forestry Research Workshop. Special
Issue, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Faculty of Forestry, Record No.
67. p. 249-258.

Various causes of deforestation and forest degradation including their
impact on the environment are discussed and the measures to tackle
deforestation are addressed. While it is apparent that not one single group
of the society can be blamed for the disappearance of the tropical forests
in Tanzania, suggestions to limit the trend are put forward (Study-
Morogoro - Dar es salaam road).

4. Ackhurst, P.W., Micski, J. 1971 . Tanzania standard volume table
for eak. Tanzania Forest Division. Ministry of Natural Resources and
Tourism. 48 pp.

Presents table of total volume (o.b. and u.b.) and of merchantable volume
(o.b. and u.b., to top diameters 10, 15 and 20 cm) for d.b.h. up to 75 cm
and heights up to 40 m, based on measurements of 903 trees from all
major plantations of Tectona grandis in Tanzania of Mtibwa and
Longuza.

5. Adegbehin, J.O and Philip, M.S. 1979 . Studies of dominant height
development and yield of Pinus patula at Sao Hill Forest Project,
Southern Tanzania. University of Dar es Salaam. Faculty of Agric.,
Forestry and vet. Science. Division of Forestry. Record No. 6.

Three general and interelated topics concerning Pinus patula at Sao Hill
were studied:the construction of site index curves; the applicability of the
Tanzanian standard volume tables, the derivation of preliminary yield
tables and comparison of site index curves with those from Kenya,
Malawi, Natal and elsewhere in Tanzania. The results are then discussed.

6. Ahimana, C. 1982. Biomass, volume and nutrient content assessment
in three-year old Eucalpytus melliodora unweeded, clean-weeded and
intercropped with beans, sorghum and maize in Morogoro, Tanzania. MSc
(Forestry), Makerere University.

7. Ahl, E. 1931 . Zur Systematik der afrikanischen Arten der
Baumfroschgattung Hyperolius (Amph. Anur.) Mitt. Zool. Mus. Berl. 17:
1 - 132 (Study-Uluguru).

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8. Akida, A.B. 1993. Economic impact of deforestation in the Uluguru
mountains. Forest Economics Dept., SUA.

9. Allen, G.M. & Loveridge, A. 1927. Mammals from the Uluguru and
Usambara Mountains, Tanganyika Territory. Proc. Boston Soc. nat. Hist .
38: 413 - 441.

Although dated, still an important reference for mammals of the area.

10. Allen, G.M. & Loveridge, A. 1933. Reports on the scientific results
of an expedition to the southwestern highlands of Tanganyika Territory,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool, Harv, 75: 47 - 140.

The paper describes on an early biological surveys of the southern portion
of Tanzania.

11. Allen, J.C. 1986 . Soil properties and fast-growing tree species in
Tanzania. Forest Ecology and Management 16 (1 - 4): 127 - 147.

Studies on growth rates and soil of 11-14 yr old plantations and adjacent
unmanaged natural forests at three climatically and geologically distinct
sites: Uluguru Forest Reserve, quartzo-feldspathic granulite and mica,
rainfall 1058-1377 mm/yr, regenerating evergreen forest 2.6-7.2 m 3/ha
p.a., Acacia mearnsii 3.5 m 3/ha p.a.; East Chenene Forest Reserve,
granite, rainfall 573-625 mm/yr, mature dry woodland 0.2-2.0 m3/ha p.a.,
Cassia siamea and Eucalyptus citriodora 1.4-2.2 m 3/ha p.a.; and
Sambasha Forest Reserve, volcanic ash soils, rainfall 1200-1800 mm/yr,
mature evergreen forest 2-9 m 3/ha p.a., Cupressus lusitanica up to 15
m3/ha p.a. These results suggest that plantations of exotic species do not
improve upon the growth rates of the natural forests they replace in
semiarid regions

12. Amandus, S. 1983. The attitude and expectations of the people
towards Agroforestry. A case study in two selected villages, Special
Project, Forestry UDSM.

Studies at Mhonda and Changarawe villages showed there was wood
scarcity in both sites. For Mhonda, average distance to fuelwood sources
was 5.4 km, for Changarawe, 8.3 km. Per caput consumption 2.53 m 3 per
annum. About. 70% of interviewees (n = 50) were willing to involve
themselves in tree planting and 88% experessed an interest in
agroforestry.

13. Amani Forest Inventory and Management Plan Project, 1988.
Forest Division of Tanzania/Finmap-Silvestria. FINNIDA, Helsinki.

14. Andrua, H. 1995. Common property forest resources management. A
case study in Msasa IBC, East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. MSc.
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