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BBN–ANG–141 Foundations of phonology 8 Unstressed syllables, unstressed vowels P´eter Szigetv´ari DeptofEnglishLinguistics,E¨otv¨osLor´andUniversity szp (delg) introphono8/unstressed 1/21 outline free variation & neutralization vowel reduction syllabic consonant formation syncope palatalization mergers reduced vowels spelling reduced vowels szp (delg) introphono8/unstressed 2/21 freevariation&neutralization free variation free variation exists in stressed syllables either /A´jD@/ ∼ /´IjD@/, apricot /´Ejpr@kOt/ ∼ /´apr@kOt/ but it is much more common in unstressed syllables family /f´amIlIj/ ∼ /f´am@lIj/ ∼ /f´amlIj/ ∼ /f´amlIj/ (the first, stressed " syllable is stable, the second unstressed syllable varies) szp (delg) introphono8/unstressed 3/21 freevariation&neutralization neutralization vowel contrasts are neutralized before R ◮ first NURSE merger ◮ FORCE–NORTH–THOUGHT–CURE merger ◮ AmE marry–merry–Mary merger ◮ etc vowel contrasts are neutralized in unstressed syllables man6=men (/a/ vs. /E/), but postman=postmen (/@/ in both) full /f0´l/, careful /k´E:f0l/ ∼ /k´E:f@l/; ryeful /rA´jf0l/ ∼ /rA´jf@l/ = rifle vowel reduction /a/ > /@/ and /E/ > /@/ are instances of vowel reduction szp (delg) introphono8/unstressed 4/21 vowelreduction vowel reduction the vowels of English in stressed position 6 short (checked) vowels I @ 0 E a O 6 long (R) vowels I: @: 0: E: A: o: 7 diphthongs (free vowels) Ij @w 0w Ej Aj aw oj szp (delg) introphono8/unstressed 5/21 vowelreduction vowel reduction the vowels of English in unstressed postion 3 short (checked) vowels I @ 0 E a O 0 long (R) vowels I: @: 0: E: A: o: 3 diphthongs (free vowels) Ij @w 0w Ej Aj aw oj szp (delg) introphono8/unstressed 5/21 vowelreduction vowel reduction the vowels of English short (checked) vowels I @ 0 E a O long (R) vowels I: @: 0: E: A: o: diphthongs (free vowels) Ij @w 0w Ej Aj aw oj stressed and reduced vowel may sound/look the same village v´IlIÃ butter b´@t@ easy ´IjzIj photo f´@wt@w szp (delg) introphono8/unstressed 5/21 vowelreduction vowel reduction the vowels of English short (checked) vowels I @ 0 E a O long (R) vowels I: @: 0: E: A: o: diphthongs (free vowels) Ij @w 0w Ej Aj aw oj stressed and reduced vowel may sound/look the same village v´IlIÃ butter b´@t@ easy ´IjzIj photo f´@wt@w szp (delg) introphono8/unstressed 5/21 vowelreduction where reduced vowels may occur: /I/ and /Ij/ unstressed /I/ like short vowels, only C: eg basic /b´EjsIk/, illegal /Il´Ijg@l/ unstressed /Ij/ ◮ V and #: eg Vienna /vIj´En@/, carry /k´arIj/ ◮ IjC is always stressed: eg complete /k@mpl´Ijt/, receive /r@s´Ijv/ ◮ nb carries /k´arIjz/, carried /k´arIjd/ contain word-final /Ij/! szp (delg) introphono8/unstressed 6/21 vowelreduction where reduced vowels may occur: /@/ and /@w/ unstressed /@/ ◮ C and also #: eg comet /k´Om@t/, button /b´@t@n/, ago /@g´@w/, comma /k´Om@/, butter /b´@t@/ ◮ @# is always unstressed unstressed /@w/ may be /@/ before C ◮ C: omit /@(w)mIt/, Oldsmobile /´@wldzm@(w)bIjl/ ◮ V: Genoa /dZ´En@w@/, Iowa /A´j@w@/ ◮ #: motto /m´Ot@w/, potato /p@t´Ejt@w/ szp (delg) introphono8/unstressed 7/21

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spelling vowels revision checked (=short) vowels are regularly spelled by single vowel letters: pit [pIt], pet [pEt], pat [pat], putt [p@t], pot [pOt] ([0] is also spelled by U: put [p0t]) szp (delg) intro phono 8/predicting quantity. 3 / 22
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BBN–ANG–141 Foundations of phonology 8 Graphic positions PDF

100 Pages·2016·0.32 MB·English
by  Péter Szigetvári
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spelling vowels revision checked (=short) vowels are regularly spelled by single vowel letters: pit [pIt], pet [pEt], pat [pat], putt [p@t], pot [pOt] ([0] is also spelled by U: put [p0t]) szp (delg) intro phono 8/predicting quantity. 3 / 22

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