Auralisation in Building Acoustics - RWTH Publications

143 Pages·2005·3.8 MB·English

by  Rainer Thaden

Rainer Thaden
Auralisation in Building Acoustics
λογος

AURALISATION IN BUILDING ACOUSTICS
VonderFakulätfürElektrotechnikundInformationstechnikder
Rheinisch-WestfälischenTechnischenHochschuleAachen
zurErlangungdesakademischenGradeseines
DOKTORSDERINGENIEURWISSENSCHAFTEN
genehmigteDissertation
vorgelegtvon
Diplom-Ingenieur
RainerThaden
ausAurich
Berichter: UniversitätsprofessorDr. rer. nat. MichaelVorländer
UniversitätsprofessorDr.-Ing. PeterVary
TagdermündlichenPrüfung: 09. Februar2005
DieseDissertationistaufdenInternetseitenderHochschulbibliothek onlineverfügbar.
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Contents
Abstract–Zusammenfassung v
1 Introduction 1
2 Predictionmodelsofbuildingacoustics 9
2.1 PredictionModelsusedinEuropeancountries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 StatisticalEnergyAnalysis(SEA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.3 EN12354 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3 PrinciplesofAuralisation 25
3.1 SignalProcessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.2 BinauralTechniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.3 PresentationTechniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
4 FiltersforAirborneSoundInsulation 39
5 Impactsoundinsulation 51
5.1 MeasurementMethodsandSetup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
6 Verification 73
6.1 LevelReproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
6.2 ComparisonwithRealSituation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
6.2.1 Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
6.2.2 RecordingsandAuralisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
6.2.3 ListeningTestandPsychoacousticEvaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
6.2.4 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6.2.5 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6.2.6 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
7 Applications 87
7.1 Investigations onSpeechPerceivedThroughSoundInsulating Constructions 88
iii
7.1.1 QuantitiesforRatingSpeechIntelligibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
7.1.2 ListeningTestsandMeasurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
7.2 Investigations on the Disturbance of Speech Perceived Through Sound In-
sulatingConstructions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
8 Summary 111
9 Kurzfassung 115
Appendix 122
Abbreviations–Terms–Symbols 122
Curriculumvitae 125
Danksagung 126
Bibliography 128
iv
Abstract – Zusammenfassung
Abstract
In this thesis, an algorithm for auralisation of airborne and impact sound insulation in
buildings was developed, verified, and applied in several areas of research. After a short
introductiontopredictionmethodsforsoundinsulationinEuropeancountries,twomethods
for calculation of sound insulation in a two-room situation are described. These methods
usethedataofthebuildingproductstocalculatethetotalsoundinsulation. Theresultsform
theinputdatafortheauralisationalgorithm. Afterthedescriptionofthebasicprinciplesof
auralisation in general and fundamentals of the algorithms for auralisation of airborne and
impactsoundinsulation,averificationregardingpsychoacousticandsubjectiveparameters
ispresented.
The practical relevance of building acoustical auralisation is proven with two applica-
tions of the auralisation of airborne sound insulation. Both applications deal with speech
transmittedthroughsoundinsulatingconstructions. First,speechintelligibilitywasinvesti-
gated. It plays an important role for acoustic comfort (privacy in dwellings) and confiden-
tiality in office buildings. In a second application, the influence on mental processing was
evaluated.
Building acoustical auralisation is useful in many fields of applications. It can be used
in the design of buildings or in teaching. Students of acoustics, architecture, and civil
engineeringgetanimpressionoftheacousticeffectsofdifferentmaterialsandconstruction
methods immediately. In research, it allows the execution of listening tests without having
tocarryoutextensivemeasurementsandrecordings. Thus,itisausefultooltoimprovethe
qualityofreferencecurvesforsinglenumberratings.
v
Zusammenfassung
Im Rahmen der Arbeit wurde ein Algorithmus zur Auralisation (Hörbarmachung) der
SchalldämmunginGebäudenentwickelt,verifiziertundinunterschiedlichenAnwendungs-
gebieten erprobt. Nach einer kurzen Übersicht über die Vorhersagemethoden der Schall-
dämmung in den europäischen Ländern folgt die Beschreibung zweier Verfahren zur Be-
rechnung der Schalldämmung einer 2-Raum-Situation anhand der Daten der verwendeten
Bauprodukte. Diese Verfahren liefern die Eingangsdaten des verwendeten Auralisations-
algorithmus. Nach der ausführlichen Darlegung der Grundlagen und der Algorithmen zur
Auralisation der Luft- und Trittschalldämmung wird eine Verifikation anhand psychoaku-
stischerAuswertungenundHörversuchenbeschrieben.
Die praktische Relevanz des Verfahrens wird anhand zweier durchgeführter Anwen-
dungen des Algorithmus zur Luftschall-Auralisation verdeutlicht. Die erste Anwendung
befasst sich mit der Verständlichkeit von Sprache, welche durch schalldämmende Kon-
struktionen übertragen wird. Der Bezug zur Praxis liegt hier z.B. beim akustischen Kom-
fort(PrivatsphäreinWohnungen)undderWahrungderVertraulichkeitinBüroräumen.Des
weiteren wurde die Beeinflussung der mentalen Verarbeitung visueller Inhalte (Arbeitsge-
dächtnis)durchsprachlichenHintergrundschall untersucht.
Das Verfahren der bauakustischen Auralisation lässt sich in vielerlei Hinsicht einset-
zen.EserleichtertdiebauakustischePlanungundkanninderLehreeingesetztwerden,um
StudentenderAkustik,derArchitekturunddesBauingenieurwesensdieWirkungdesEin-
satzes bestimmter Baustoffe und schalltechnischer Maßnahmen unmittelbar vorzuführen.
In der Forschung erlaubt die Auralisation, umfangreiche Hörversuche durchzuführen und
somitverbesserteBewertungskurvenfürdieAngabevonSchallwirkungeninGebäudenzu
ermitteln.
Keywords
building acoustics,auralisation,soundinsulation,impactsound
vi
Chapter 1
Introduction
In modern societies, especially in urban areas, the exposure of man to noise is steadily
growing. This, of course, is related to aspects as mobility and technical progress which
areresponsibleforgrowthoftrafficandincreaseduseofelectricalandmechanicaldevices
suchasairconditions,ventilations,elevators,hifisystemsandhometheaters. Roadfreight
transport, for example, took an increase of 41% between 1991 and 2000. A survey autho-
rised from the Federal Environmental Agency of Germany in 2000 states that about 18%
of the german population is highly annoyed by traffic noise [OW02]. An important point
ofconcernisthehighannoyanceof6.5%ofthepopulationbynoiseofneighbours. Neigh-
bourhood noise is amongst traffic, airplane, railway, and industry noise one of the main
causes for annoyance. In total, only 20% of the people state not to be annoyed by noise.
Taking a detailed look into the survey, one notes that particularly people living in multi
family and apartment houses are annoyed by noise of their neighbours. This leads to the
conclusion that mainly noise caused by indoor activities is responsible for the annoyance.
Also, it can be assumed that insufficient requirements in the german standard DIN 4109
Sound insulation in buildings play an important role since more than 80% of the buildings
arebuilt according to the standard. A literature study byRasmussenand Rindel [RR96]of
surveys in different countries about noise protection, noise from neighbours, and needs of
habitantsstatesthat
manypeopleareannoyedbynoisefromneighbours.
•
2 CHAPTER1. INTRODUCTION
peopleareannoyedbythefactthattheirneighbourscanhearthem.
•
habitantsarepreparedtopayabout2-3%morerenttoimprove noiseprotection.
•
the degree of annoyance is influenced by the personal conditions of the habitants
•
(stress),thevalueofthedwelling andtheduration thehabitantslivethere.
people judge their neighbours as more or less considerate according to the quality
•
of sound insulation. This may cause social conflicts in buildings with poor sound
insulation.
airborne sound insulation should exceed R = 60 dB and the impact noise level
• ′w
should be below L = 48dB to be judged as satisfactory by the inhabitants and keep
n′
thenumberofcomplaintsbelowareasonablelevel.
Therearedifferentconsequencesarisingoutofnoiseexposure[Gus02]:
Maskingofthespeechsignalbynoisecausesadisturbanceofcommunication. There
•
isanincreasedeffortneededforlisteningandtalking. Thismaydisturbconversation
orlisteningtotheTVorradioinprivatedwellingsaswellascommunicationinoffice
premises.
Reduced power of concentration: Experiments with adults have shown that physical
•
or mental work is impaired by noise, in particular if high concentration is required.
Verydemandingactivitiescanbedisturbedbylevelsofalready45dB(A).Invarious
studies, pupils showed an impairment of reading and memorising items of speech
when exposed to aircraft noise. Also, exposure to road traffic and railway noise
resultedintheseeffects.
Disturbance of sleep: Sleep consists of different phases which effect physical and
•
mental regeneration. Experiments where an EEG and signals of the respiration, cir-
culation and body movements are recorded during sleep show that noise exposure
affectsthesequenceanddurationofthesephasesandcanleadtodecreasedcognitive
andphysicalperformanceduringtheday.