Atlas of the North American Indian, Third Revised Edition (Facts on File Library of American Literature)

465 Pages·2009·48.12 MB·English

by  Carl Waldman

Atlas of

THE NORTH
AMERICAN
INDIAN
third EDITION
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Atlas of

THE NORTH
AMERICAN
INDIAN
third EDITION
CARL WALDMAN
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Atlas of the North American Indian, Third Edition
Maps on pages 97, 101, 168, 187, 193, 224, 227, 240, 243, 246, 281, 286 copyright © 2009 Infobase Publishing
Text and all other maps copyright © 2009, 2000, 1985 by Carl Waldman
Illustrations copyright © 2009, 2000, 1985 by Molly Braun
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems,
without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact:
Facts On File, Inc.
An imprint of Infobase Publishing
132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Waldman, Carl, 1947–
Atlas of the North American Indian / Carl Waldman. — 3rd ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-8160-6858-6 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN 978-0-8160-6859-3 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Indians of North
America—Maps. 2. Indians of North America—History—Maps. I. Title.
G1106.E1.W3 2009
970.004'97—dc22 2008040736
Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses,
associations, institutions or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in
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You can find Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfile.com
Text design by Erika K. Arroyo
Cover design by Takeshi Takahashi / Jooyoung An
Maps by Infobase Publishing
Printed in China
Creative Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
This book is printed on acid-free paper.
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For
Chloe and Devin,
American,
and
Meredith,
Native American
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CONTENTS
Map List xi 2 ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS 15
Preface xiii
CIVILIZATIONS OF MESOAMERICA 15
Olmec 15
1 ANCIENT NATIVE PEOPLES 1 Maya 16
ARRIVALS 1 Toltec 18
PALEO-INDIANS 5 Aztec 19
Clovis 5 Teotihuacán, Monte Albán, and Other
Sandia 5 Mesoamerican Population Centers 21
Folsom 5 Teotihuacán 22
Plano 5 Kaminaljuyu 22
Cultural Variations 6 Monte Albán 22
Mitla 22
Changing Climate 6
Tajin 22
Big Game Extinction 6
Tlatilco 23
ARCHAIC INDIANS 7
Izapa 23
Old Cordilleran Culture 7
Cerro de Las Mesas 23
Desert Culture 8
Remojades 23
Cochise Culture 8
Cholula 23
Old Copper Culture 8
Texcoco 23
Red Paint Culture 9
CIVILIZATIONS OF THE SOUTHWEST 24
Arctic Cultures 9
Mogollon 24
Northern Archaic Tradition 9
Hohokam 25
Rise of Paleo-Eskimo Cultures 9
Anasazi 25
Denbigh Flint Culture 9
Patayan (Hakataya) 28
Independence Culture 10
Sinagua 28
Pre-Dorset Culture 10
Salado 28
Dorset Culture 10
Fremont 28
Transitional Cultures to Thule Culture 10
THE MOUND BUILDERS 28
Thule Culture 12
Poverty Point 28
Aleut Ancestors 12
Adena 28
End of Thule Culture 13
Hopewell 30
TRANSITION AND CULMINATION 13 Mississippian 31
vii
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3 NATIVE LIFEWAYS 34 5 INDIAN WARS 116
GEOGRAPHY AND CULTURE 34 EARLY CONFLICTS 118
SUBSISTENCE PATTERNS AND The Arawak Uprising 118
CULTURAL EVOLUTION 34 The Conquest of the Aztec 118
Hunting, Fishing, and Gathering 35 Mobile Resistance 119
Agriculture 38 Roanoke Resistance 120
POPULATION DENSITY 40 THE COLONIAL WARS 121
The Powhatan Wars 122
THE NATIVE CULTURE AREAS 41
The Northeast Culture Area 42 Bacon’s Rebellion 123
The Southeast Culture Area 45 The Pequot War 123
The Southwest Culture Area 49 King Philip’s War 125
The Great Basin Culture Area 51 The Beaver Wars 126
The Plateau Culture Area 53 Rebellions against the Dutch 128
Rebellions against the Spanish and Mexicans 129
The Northwest Coast Culture Area 54
Acoma Resistance 129
The California Culture Area 57
The Pueblo Rebellion 130
The Great Plains Culture Area 59
The Pima Uprisings 132
The Subarctic Culture Area 61
The Arctic Culture Area 63 The Yuma Uprising 132
The Mesoamerican and Circum-Caribbean California Indian Uprisings 133
Culture Areas 65 The French and Indian Wars 134
ART AND TECHNOLOGY 67 King William’s War 134
SHELTER 72 Queen Anne’s War 136
CLOTHING AND ORNAMENTS 75 King George’s War 136
TRANSPORTATION 76 The French and Indian War 137
Land, Ice, and Water 76 Rebellions against the English (during the
The Indian and the Horse 79 French and Indian Wars) 139
The Tuscarora War 139
INTERTRIBAL TRADE 80
The Yamasee War 140
RELIGION 81
The Cherokee War 140
STIMULANTS, INTOXICANTS, AND
Rebellions against the French (during the
HALLUCINOGENS 83
French and Indian Wars) 140
SOCIOPOLITICAL ORGANIZATION 85
The Natchez Revolt 140
LANGUAGES 88
Chickasaw Resistance 141
North American Indian Languages:
A Genetic Classification Table of Phyla, Meskwaki Resistance 141
Families, and Dialects 88 Pontiac’s Rebellion 141
The Paxton Riots 143
4 NATIVE PEOPLES AND EXPLORERS 93 Lord Dunmore’s War 144
POSSIBLE EARLY TRANSOCEANIC INDIANS IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 144
CONTACTS 93 WARS FOR THE OLD NORTHWEST 149
Pacific Ocean 95 Little Turtle’s War 149
Atlantic Ocean 95 Tecumseh’s Rebellion and the War of 1812 150
THE EUROPEAN AND EUROAMERICAN Kickapoo Resistance 153
PENETRATION OF NORTH AMERICA 95 The Winnebago Uprising 153
THE FUR TRADE 96 The Black Hawk War 154
NATIVE EXPLORERS 103 WARS FOR THE SOUTHEAST 156
A CHRONOLOGY OF NON-INDIAN The Creek War 156
EXPLORERS OF NORTH AMERICA AND The Seminole Wars 157
THEIR CONTACTS WITH INDIANS 109 RESISTANCE AGAINST THE RUSSIANS 159
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WARS FOR THE WEST 161 THE GROWTH OF THE UNITED STATES
Mountains and Far West 165 AND NATIVE LAND CESSIONS 213
Bannock 165 NATIVE TRAILS AND NON-NATIVE
Cayuse 165 INROADS 219
Coeur d’Alene 165 THE INDIAN TERRITORY 221
Cupeño 166
THE TRAIL OF TEARS 223
Kalispel 167
THE DWINDLING BUFFALO HERDS 226
Miwok and Yokuts 167
THE SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY AND
Modoc 167
RELIGIOUS REVITALIZATION
Nez Perce 169
MOVEMENTS 228
Nisqually 171 Missionaries and Mission Indians 228
Paiute 172 Prophecy and Resistance 229
Sheepeater 172 Longhouse Religion 229
Shoshone 173
Waashat Religion 230
Takelma and Tututni 173
Dreamer Religion 230
Tlingit 173
Indian Shaker Religion 230
Ute 174
Drum Religion 230
Yakama 175
Ghost Dances 230
Yuma and Mojave 176
Earth Lodge Religion 230
Southwest 176
Ghost Dance Religion 230
Apache 176
Bole-Maru Religion 231
Kickapoo 180
Dream Dance 231
Navajo 180
Feather Religion 231
Tiwa 182
Peyote Religion 231
Great Plains 182
THE GROWTH OF CANADA AND NATIVE
Arapaho 182
LAND CESSIONS 231
Arikara 183
Blackfeet 183
7 C ONTEMPORARY NATIVE NORTH
Cheyenne 183
AMERICANS 235
Comanche 188
U.S. INDIAN POLICY 235
Kiowa 190
Centralization and Bureaucratization 235
Ponca 191
The Colonial Period 235
Sioux 191
Early U.S. Policy 236
INDIANS IN THE CIVIL WAR 197
Federal Trading Houses 236
CANADIAN NATIVE WARS 199
Office of Indian Affairs 236
The Selkirk Incident and the Courthouse
Removal and Reservations 236
Rebellion 200
Separate Indian Country 236
The First Riel Rebellion 200
Removal Policy 236
The Second Riel Rebellion 202
Treaty Policy 236
6 N ATIVE LAND CESSIONS AND A Reservation Policy 237
CHANGING WAY OF LIFE 205 Assimilation and Allotment 237
Assimilation Policy 237
THE SPREAD OF EUROPEAN DISEASES 206
The Reformist Movement 237
THE EUROPEAN USE OF NATIVE LANDS
Allotment Policy 238
AND RESOURCES 207
Spanish Land Use 207 Boarding Schools 238
French Land Use 209 Citizenship 240
British Land Use 210 A Failed Policy 241
Dutch and Swedish Land Use 212 Tribal Restoration and Reorganization 241
Russian Land Use 212 Indian Reorganization Act 241
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