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ART HISTORY
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A RT H I S TO RY
VOLUME ONE | FOURTHEDITION
MARILYN STOKSTAD
Judith Harris Murphy Distinguished Professor of Art History Emerita
The University of Kansas
MICHAEL W. COTHREN
Scheuer Family Professor of Humanities
Department of Art, Swarthmore College
CONTRIBUTORS
Frederick M. Asher, Douglass Bailey, David A. Binkley,
Claudia L. Brittenham, Claudia Brown, Patricia J. Darish,
Patricia J. Graham, and D. Fairchild Ruggles
Prentice Hall
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Cover photo: Reclining couple on a sarcophagus from Cerveteri. c. 520 BCE. Terra cotta, length 67 (2.06 m).
Museo Nazionale di Villa Giulia, Rome. Scala, Florence/Art Resource, NY.
Credits and acknowledgments borrowed from other sources and reproduced, with permission, in this
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Stokstad, Marilyn
Art History / Marilyn Stokstad, Michael W. Cothren; contributors,
Frederick M. Asher [eg al.]. 4th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-205-74422-0 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0205-74422-2 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Art History. I. Cothren, Michael Watt. II. Asher, Frederick M. III
Title.
N5300.S923 2011
709 dc22 2010001489
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 10: 0-205-74420-6
ISBN 13: 978-0-205-74420-6
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BRIEF CONTENTS
CONTENTSv PREFACE xiii WHAT S NEW xv PEARSON CHOICES AND RESOURCES xviii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND GRATITUDE xix USE NOTES xxi STARTER KIT xxii INTRODUCTION xxvi
1 10
CHINESE AND KOREAN ART
PREHISTORIC ART 1
BEFORE 1279 324
2
11
ART OF THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST 26
JAPANESE ART BEFORE 1333 354
3
12
ART OF ANCIENT EGYPT 48
ART OF THE AMERICAS BEFORE 1300 376
4
13
ART OF THE ANCIENT AEGEAN 80
EARLY AFRICAN ART 402
5
14
ART OF ANCIENT GREECE 100
EARLY MEDIEVAL ART IN EUROPE 422
6
15
ETRUSCAN AND ROMAN ART 158
ROMANESQUE ART 452
7
JEWISH, EARLY CHRISTIAN, AND 16
GOTHIC ART OF THE TWELFTH AND
BYZANTINE ART 216
THIRTEENTH CENTURIES 490
8
ISLAMIC ART 260 17
FOURTEENTH-CENTURY ART
IN EUROPE 528
9
ART OF SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA
BEFORE 1200 290
CONTEMPORARY WORLD MAP 560 GLOSSARY 561 BIBLIOGRAPHY 570 CREDITS 582 INDEX 584
V
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CONTENTS
PREFACE xiii WHATS NEW xv PEARSON CHOICES AND RESOURCES xviii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND
GRATITUDE xix USE NOTES xxi STARTER KIT xxii INTRODUCTION xxvi
1 BOXES
C
H * ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
A PREHISTORIC ART 1 Art as Spoils of War Protection or Theft? 32
P
T The Code of Hammurabi 38
E
R * THE OBJECT SPEAKS
A Lyre from a Royal Tomb in Ur 34
THE STONE AGE 2 * A CLOSER LOOK
Enemies Crossing the Euphrates to Escape Assyrian Archers 41
THE PALEOLITHIC PERIOD 2
* TECHNIQUE
Shelter or Architecture? 4
Cuneiform Writing 30
Artifacts or Works of Art? 5
Textiles 43
Cave Painting 8
Cave Sculptures 12
THE NEOLITHIC PERIOD 13 3
Architecture 13 C
H ART OF
Sculpture and Ceramics 20 A
P ANCIENT EGYPT 48
NEW METALLURGY, ENDURING STONE 22 TE
The Bronze Age 22 R
Rock Carvings 23
THE GIFT OF THE NILE 50
BOXES
EARLY DYNASTIC EGYPT, C. 2950 2575 BCE 50
* ART AND ITS CONTEXTS The God-Kings 50
The Power of Naming 6 Artistic Conventions 51
Intentional House Burning 20 Funerary Architecture 53
* THE OBJECT SPEAKS THE OLD KINGDOM, C. 2575 2150 BCE 55
Prehistoric Woman and Man 24 The Great Pyramids at Giza 55
Sculpture 59
* A CLOSER LOOK
Pictorial Relief in Tombs 61
A House in Çatalhöyük 15
THE MIDDLE KINGDOM, C. 1975 C. 1640 BCE 62
* ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
Portraits of Senusret III 62
Early Construction Methods 16
Rock-Cut Tombs 62
* TECHNIQUE Funerary Stelae 63
Prehistoric Wall Painting 10 Town Planning 64
Pottery and Ceramics 22 THE NEW KINGDOM, C. 1539 1075 BCE 64
* RECOVERING THE PAST The Great Temple Complexes 65
How Early Art is Dated 12 Hatshepsut 67
The Tomb of Ramose 69
Akhenaten and the Art of the Amarna Period 70
The Return to Tradition: Tutankhamun and Ramses II 72
2 The Books of the Dead 76
C THE THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD, C. 1075 715 BCE 78
H ART OF THE ANCIENT
A LATE EGYPTIAN ART, C. 715 332 BCE 79
P NEAR EAST 26
T
E BOXES
R
* ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Egyptian Symbols 51
THE FERTILE CRESCENT AND MESOPOTAMIA 28 * THE OBJECT SPEAKS
Sumer 28 The Temples of Ramses II at Abu Simbel 74
Akkad 33 * A CLOSER LOOK
Ur and Lagash 36 The Palette of Narmer 52
Babylon 37
* ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
THE HITTITES OF ANATOLIA 37 Mastaba to Pyramid 55
ASSYRIA 39 * TECHNIQUE
Kalhu 39 Preserving The Dead 56
Dur Sharrukin 41 Egyptian Pictorial Relief 65
Nineveh 43 Glassmaking 73
NEO-BABYLONIA 43 * RECOVERING THE PAST
PERSIA 44 The Rosetta Stone 77
CONTENTS VII
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4 Who Owns the Art? The Elgin Marblesand the Euphronios Krater
C 135
H ART OF THE ANCIENT
A Women at a Fountain House 139
PT AEGEAN 80 Women Artists in Ancient Greece 148
E Greek Theaters 150
R
The Celts 152
* THE OBJECT SPEAKS
THE BRONZE AGE IN THE AEGEAN 82
The Tomb of the Diver 122
THE CYCLADIC ISLANDS 82
* A CLOSER LOOK
THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION ON CRETE 84
The Euphronios Krater 119
The Old Palace Period, c. 1900 1700 BCE 84
The New Palace Period, c. 1700 1450 BCE 86 * ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
The Greek Orders 110
THE MYCENAEAN (HELLADIC) CULTURE 92
Helladic Architecture 92 * TECHNIQUE
Mycenaean Tombs 95 Color in Greek Sculpture 113
Ceramic Arts 99 Black-Figure and Red-Figure 120
The Canon of Polykleitos 134
BOXES
* RECOVERING THE PAST
* THE OBJECT SPEAKS The Riace Warriors 127
The Lion Gate 96
* A CLOSER LOOK
The Flotilla Fresco from Akrotiri 92 6
C
* TECHNIQUE H ETRUSCAN AND
A
Aegean Metalwork 87 P ROMANART 158
T
* RECOVERING THE PAST E
R
Pioneers of Aegean Archaeology 91
The Mask of Agamemnon 95
THE ETRUSCANS 160
Etruscan Architecture 160
5
Etruscan Temples 160
C
H ART OF Tomb Chambers 162
A Works in Bronze 166
P ANCIENT GREECE 100
T THE ROMANS 168
E
R Origins of Rome 168
Roman Religion 169
THE EMERGENCE OF GREEK CIVILIZATION 102 THE REPUBLIC, 509 27 BCE 169
Historical Background 102 Portrait Sculpture 169
Religious Beliefs and Sacred Places 102 Roman Temples 173
GREEK ART C. 900 C. 600 BCE 102 THE EARLY EMPIRE, 27 BCE 96 CE 174
The Geometric Period 102 Art in the Age of Augustus 174
The Orientalizing Period 105 The Julio-Claudians 178
Roman Cities and the Roman Home 178
THE ARCHAIC PERIOD, C. 600 480 BCE 107
Wall Painting 181
The Sanctuary at Delphi 107
The Flavians 187
Temples 108
Free-standing Sculpture 114 THE HIGH IMPERIAL ART OF TRAJAN AND HADRIAN 190
Painted Pots 117 Imperial Architecture 191
Imperial Portraits 201
THE EARLY CLASSICAL PERIOD, C. 480 450 BCE 119
Marble Sculpture 121 THE LATE EMPIRE, THIRD AND FOURTH CENTURIES 203
Bronze Sculpture 124 The Severan Dynasty 204
Ceramic Painting 127 The Soldier Emperors 204
Constantine the Great 208
THE HIGH CLASSICAL PERIOD, C. 450 400 BCE 128
Roman Art after Constantine 213
The Acropolis 129
The Parthenon 130 BOXES
The Propylaia and the Erechtheion 136
* ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
The Temple of Athena Nike 137
Roman Writers on Art 169
The Athenian Agora 138
City Plans 138 Roman Portraiture 170
Stele Sculpture 140 * THE OBJECT SPEAKS
Painting 141 The Ara Pacis Augustae 176
THE LATE CLASSICAL PERIOD, C. 400 323 BCE 142 * A CLOSER LOOK
Sculpture 143 Sarcophagus with the Indian Triumph of Dionysus 206
The Art of the Goldsmith 146
* ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
Painting and Mosaics 146
Roman Architectural Orders 163
THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD, 323 31/30 BCE 149 The Roman Arch 172
The Corinthian Order in Hellenistic Architecture 149 Roman Vaulting 188
Sculpture 151
Concrete 196
BOXES * TECHNIQUE
* ART AND ITS CONTEXTS Roman Mosaics 202
Greek and Roman Deities 104 * RECOVERING THE PAST
Classic and Classical 124 The Mildenhall Treasure 214
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7 * THE OBJECT SPEAKS
C The Great Mosque of Cordoba 268
H JEWISH, EARLY CHRISTIAN, AND
A * A CLOSER LOOK
P BYZANTINE ART 216
T A Mamluk Glass Oil Lamp 273
E
R * ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
Arches 271
JEWS, CHRISTIANS, AND MUSLIMS 218 * TECHNIQUE
Early Jewish Art 218 Ornament 264
Early Christian Art 222 Carpet Making 286
IMPERIAL CHRISTIAN ARCHITECTURE AND ART 226
Architecture 226
9
Sculpture 229
C
Ravenna 230 H ART OF SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST
A
EARLY BYZANTINE ART 233 P ASIA BEFORE1200 290
The Golden Age of Justinian 233 TE
Objects of Veneration and Devotion 242 R
Icons and Iconoclasm 244
MIDDLE BYZANTINE ART 246 THE INDIAN SUBCONTINENT 292
Architecture and Mosaics 247 INDUS CIVILIZATION 292
Objects of Veneration and Devotion 252
THE VEDIC PERIOD 295
LATE BYZANTINE ART 254
THE MAURYA PERIOD 295
Constantinople: The Chora Church 254
Moscow: Rublyov 259 THE PERIOD OF THE SHUNGAS AND EARLY ANDHRAS 298
Stupas 298
Buddhist Rock-Cut Halls 302
BOXES
THE KUSHAN AND LATER ANDHRA PERIODS 302
* ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
The Gandhara Style 303
Narrative and Iconic 224
The Mathura Style 303
The Life of Jesus 231
The Southeast Indian Style 305
Naming Christian Churches: Designation + Dedication + Location
THE FOURTH THROUGH SEVENTH CENTURIES 306
239
Buddhist Sculpture 306
Scroll and Codex 243
Painting 306
Iconoclasm 246
The Early Northern Temple 308
* THE OBJECT SPEAKS Monumental Narrative Reliefs 309
The Funerary Chapel of Theodore Metochites 256 The Early Southern Temple 312
* A CLOSER LOOK THE EIGHTH THROUGH THE FOURTEENTH CENTURIES
The Mosaic Floor of the Beth Alpha Synagogue 221 312
* ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE The Monumental Northern Temple 313
The Monumental Southern Temple 317
Longitudinal-Plan and Central-Plan Churches 228
The Bhakti Movement in Art 318
Pendentives and Squinches 236
ART OF SOUTHEAST ASIA 319
* RECOVERING THE PAST
Dura-Europos 223 BOXES
* ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Buddhism 297
8 Hinduism 298
C Mudras 304
H
A ISLAMIC ART 260 Meaning and Ritual in Hindu Temples and Images 310
P
T * THE OBJECT SPEAKS
E
R Shiva Nataraja of the Chola Dynasty 314
* A CLOSER LOOK
ISLAM AND EARLY ISLAMIC SOCIETY 262 Descent of the Ganges Relief, Mamallapuram 313
ART AND ARCHITECTURE THROUGH THE FOURTEENTH * ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE
CENTURY 265 Stupas and Temples 301
Early Architecture 265
THE LATER PERIOD 270 10
Architecture of the Mediterranean 271 C
Architecture of the East 275 H CHINESE AND KOREAN ART
A
Portable Arts 276 P BEFORE 1279 324
The Arts of the Book 279 T
E
Manuscript Painting 280 R
ART AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE THREE EMPIRES 282
The Ottoman Empire 282 THE MIDDLE KINGDOM 326
The Safavid Dynasty 285 NEOLITHIC CULTURES 326
Mughal Dynasty 288 Painted Pottery Cultures 326
THE MODERN ERA 289 Liangzhu Culture 326
BRONZE AGE CHINA 328
BOXES Shang Dynasty 328
* ART AND ITS CONTEXTS Zhou Dynasty 329
The Five Pillars of Islam 267 THE CHINESE EMPIRE: QIN DYNASTY 332
CONTENTS IX
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HAN DYNASTY 332 12
Philosophy and Art 333 C
H ART OF THE AMERICAS
Architecture 335 A
P BEFORE 1300 376
SIX DYNASTIES 335 T
E
Painting 336 R
Calligraphy 337
Buddhist Art and Architecture 338
SUI AND TANG DYNASTIES 338 THE NEW WORLD 378
Buddhist Art and Architecture 339 MESOAMERICA 378
Figure Painting 343 The Olmec 378
SONG DYNASTY 344 Teotihuacan 381
Philosophy: Neo-Confucianism 345 The Maya 384
Northern Song Painting 345
CENTRAL AMERICA 390
Southern Song Painting and Ceramics 348
SOUTH AMERICA: THE CENTRAL ANDES 391
THE ARTS OF KOREA 350
Chavin de Huantar 391
The Three Kingdoms Period 350
The Paracas and Nazca Cultures 392
The Unified Silla Period 352
The Moche Culture 393
Goryeo Dynasty 352
NORTH AMERICA 395
BOXES The East 395
* ART AND ITS CONTEXTS The North American Southwest 397
Chinese Characters 331
Daoism 334 BOXES
Confucius and Confucianism 337 * ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
* THE OBJECT SPEAKS Maya Writing 385
The Silk Road during the Tang Period 342 The Cosmic Ballgame 389
* A CLOSER LOOK * THE OBJECT SPEAKS
Rubbing of a stone relief 335 Rock Art 400
* ELEMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE * A CLOSER LOOK
Pagodas 345 Maya Stela 387
* TECHNIQUE
* TECHNIQUE
Andean Textiles 394
Piece-Mold Casting 329
11 13
C C
H JAPANESE ART H
APTER BEFORE 1333 354 APTER EARLY AFRICAN ART 402
PREHISTORIC JAPAN 356
THE LURE OF ANCIENT AFRICA 404
Jomon Period 356
Yayoi Period 356 AFRICA THE CRADLE OF ART AND CIVILIZATION 404
Kofun Period 356
AFRICAN ROCK ART 404
ASUKA PERIOD 359 Saharan Rock Art 405
Horyuji 360
SUB-SAHARAN CIVILIZATIONS 406
NARA PERIOD 361
Nok 407
HEIAN PERIOD 363 Igbo-Ukwu 408
Esoteric Buddhist Art 363 Ife 409
Pure Land Buddhist Art 365 Benin 410
Secular Painting and Calligraphy 367
OTHER URBAN CENTERS 416
KAMAKURA PERIOD 370 Jenné 416
Pure Land Buddhist Art 371 Great Zimbabwe 417
Zen Buddhist Art 375 Aksum and Lalibela 419
Kongo Kingdom 419
BOXES
EXPORTING TO THE WEST 421
* ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
Writing, Language, and Culture 357
BOXES
Buddhist Symbols 362
Arms and Armor 371 * ART AND ITS CONTEXTS
* THE OBJECT SPEAKS The Myth of Primitive Art 406
Daruma, Founder of Zen 374 Southern African Rock Art 408
* A CLOSER LOOK * THE OBJECT SPEAKS
The Tale of Genji 368 A Warrior Chief Pledging Loyalty 414
* TECHNIQUE * A CLOSER LOOK
Joined-Block Wood Sculpture 366 Roped Pot on a Stand 411
* RECOVERING THE PAST * TECHNIQUE
The Great Buddha Hall 364 Lost-Wax Casting 413
X CONTENTS
