Table Of ContentARCHIVES,
DOCUMENTATION
AND
INS:rITUTIONS
OF
SOCIALM EMORY
Essafyrsot mh Sea wySeerm inar
ditbeyd
FRANCISB LOUIJNR .
X.
andW ILLIAGM. R OSEB ERG
ArchiDvoecsu,m entation,
andI nstitouft ions
Social Memory
Essafyrso m the Sawyer Seminar
EDITED BY
FranciBsl ouJiran.n dW illiaRmo senberg
X. G.
THE UNIVERSITYO F MICHIGAN PRESS
Ann Arbor
Firpsatp erbaecdki ti2o0n0 7
Copyrig©h bty t heU niversoifMt iyc hig2a0n0 6
Allr ighrtess erved
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TheU niversoifMt iyc higParne ss
Manufactuirnte hde U niteSdt atoefsA merica
@ Printoenda cid-fpraepee r
20IO 2009 5 4 3
No part opfu btlhiicsa mtaiyob ne r eproduced,
storienda retriesvyaslt eomr,t ransmiitnta endyf orm
orb ya ny meaenlse,c tromneicch,a nicoarol t,h erwise,
withotuhtew rittpeenr missoifot nh ep ublis.h er
A ClcPa talroegc ofrodr t hibso oki sa vailafbrloemt heB ritiLsihb rary.
LibraorfyC ongreCsast aloging-in-PDuabtlai cation
Archives, documaenndti antsitoint,uo tfis ooncsim aelm or:y essays
fromt heS awyeSre minIaer d itbeydF rancXi.sB louin Jr. and
WilliGam.R osenberg.
p. cm.
ISBN-:I 9378-0-472-II(4c9l3o:-t aIhl kp.a per)
ISBN-I0O-:4 72-II49(3c-lXo: t ahlkp.a per)
I.A rchive2s..D ocumentati3o.nM .e mory-Social aspects.
I.B louiFnr,a ncXi.s RIoIs.e nbeWrigl,l iGam.
CD93I.A685 2005
027-dc22 20050I7905
ISBN-:I 9378-0-472-03(2p7b0:k- .a9 l kp.a per)
ISBN-I0O-:4 72-0327(0p-b:4k .a lkp.a per)
Contents
Praecfaen Adc kneodwglments
Vll
ArchiavnedAs r chiving
PART I.
Introduction I
"oSmethSihnCega lalF eedv" eM:ri cheDleertr,ai ndDdau ,s( trO i,n t hAer cihvweist h
MichaenlDdeet r ri)d a 4
CarloySnt eedman
ThPer obolfPe umlb iciintt heAe r cihvoefsS econd Empire France 20
JenfnreSi .M illigan
NotD ragaottn h e GaRteeas rebcPuhatn r etTrh:Re e ferAerncichveia ssMt e diator 36
KatlheMeanr qsu i
BetwVeeneenr aatniLdoo na thLionvgia:nn gHd a tiDnocgu ments 43
JamMe.sO 'Tooel
Archnigv/riAchitecture 54
KenKtl einman
"RecoorfdS si mplea nTPdrr uetch"i P:shi ootnoyg,Ar raciphvheasnt,dh Iel lusion
ofC ontrol 6 I
JoaMn.S chwartz
Archiivnte hsPe r oducotfiK onno wledge
PART II.
Introduction
Out tohfe Calnoidsn ettthoA e r chsi?Gve ermJaenw iPsahp ers
AtinGaro ssmann
GermJaenw iAsrhci hvienBs e ralniNdne wY orkT:h rGeeen eraatfittoehnFresa ct 101
FraMnekc klge nbur
MedieAvracilhv iassAt ust h:oS roscMieamlo arnyAd r chMievmaolr y 106
PatrGiecayk r
ThQe uestoifAo cncs esT:h Re igthoSt o cMieamlo vreyr tshuResi gthot
SocOiballi vion 141
IngBeu nsdgaard
tv CONTENTS
PasItmp eecr(t'fil mpfaairtM)e:d tiiaMnega niinnAgr choifvAer st 121
NancRyuh tB artlett
AnA rtifAancytO thbNeyar m eD:gi itSaulr roogfMa etdeiseM vaanlu scripts 134
StheepGn. N icoshl
ThPea nopAtricchailv e
EricKe telaar
ArchRievparle sentation
EilzabYeaktehl
ArchiavnedSs o ciMaelm ory
PART III.
Introduction 165
RemembetrhFieun rtgeuA :p praoifRs eaclo arndtdsh Reo loefA rcihviens
CosntruScoticMniegam lo ry
TerrCyo ok
CreaatN iantgi oInnoafrlm atSiyosnti enaFm e deErnavli ro:nS moemTneht oughts
ont hCea nadian IAnorfrcmhaitNvieaotlnw ork 182
LauaM rillar
ArcihveHse,r itaangHdeis ,t ory 193
DavLiodew nthal
How PrivaTutrinzeBadrt iitsoRa nei Tdnel 'ephKoinoeis nkat noA rchoifv et he
WelfaSrtea te 207
PatrWircikg ht
ArhcievsP:a rtoifMc elmeosr yM oor?re 215
Joavna Anbl ada
LookfionarH' o meI:n depeOnrdaHelin ostrt Ayr chiinvI etsa ly 219
AelssaPndorrtoe lli
ThPeu bCloinct roovveetrrhsK eye nnMeedmyo raPbrieolcjita 225
RobeMr.At dl er
ClassFiefideeRdre aclo arndtdsh Een odf t hCeo lWdar T:h Eex peroifet nhcee
AsssaisnaRteicoonRr edvsi Beowa rd 237
WillLi.Ja omy ce
"JuasC tar "T:h e KeCnan,tre hdLeyi ncCohla,nai nrtdh Set uodfOy b jects 245
JudiEt.Eh n edlman
Archi,Mv eemsorayn,dP olitCiuclatlu( rCea nadaC,a rtihbeb ean,
PART IV.
WesteErunr opAef,r iacnadE, u ropean Colonial Archives)
Introduction 253
MemoroifCe osol niz:aC toimomnemoration,a nPEdrr eassieunarr nve a tion,
African Archive 257
FredeCroiocpke r
Contents v
ColoAnriciahvlae nsd thoefG oAvretnrscn Oean: tChoen tetnhtFe o irnm
AnnL auaS rteorl
ThPer oviAnrccihaailsavP el aocfMe e morCyo:nr fontOirnaagln W dr itten Sources
ont hReo loefF ormSelra ivnte hsCe u baWanr o fI ndepen(8d19e9n5c8-e) 280
RebcecJa.S c to t
Marooinnts hA er chsiT:vh eUe sest hPoeaf si tnt hFer enCcahr ibbean 291
LaurDeunbtso i
RedempsAt rihcoin:vR' eemembetrhFieun tgu raRe e vionl utPiaosnta ry 301
PauKl.E sis
DocumenStoiuntgrh i scAL afie'bratMioovne m:eE nntgsagtihAnerg ci hvaetts h e
UniveorfFs oirHttay r e 321
BiraWnil liaanmWdsi llKi.aW aml lach
"TheG itof f OGneen ertaotA inoont" hT:eh rRee al fTohtrih nPege pGsein eration3 33
IaEn. W iolsn
SocHiiasrlty Po,u blic aSnpNdha etiroNean,ra rla sTt:hi vee SOorciigaoilfVn alse ncian
RegiIomnaagli inna rNyi nhe-etCneteuSnrptya in 343
MoniBcuagr uera
The lIunefonfcP eo liotnti hcSesh apoiftn hgMe e moorfyS taitnWee ss tern
Euro(prFea n)c e 353
PaeuR lenez-iBna
ThReo loeft hSew iFsesd eArracilhv deusr ing PRoelcietnitc oE-vHeinsttso rical
anCdr ises 3 6 I
ChrtiospGhr af
TeleviAsriciohvnae nstd h Mea kionfCg o lclteiMveem orNya:z iasnmWd o rlWda rI I
inT hrTeelee viBslioocnk boufGs etremrPasun b Tleliecv ision 386
WulKfa nsteiner
PART V. ArchiavnedSs o ciUanld erstainnSd tiantUgen sd ergRoaipnigd
Transi(tCihoinPn oas,t wJaarp aPno,s twGarre eRcues,s Uikar,a ine,
andt hBea lkans)
Introduction 397
Revoliuntt ihAeor nc hoifvM eesm orTyh:Fe oundoifn Ngta htei oDniaeLlti brianr y
OccupJiaepda n 382
LeisePl incus
The NMeaws toefMr esm orLyi:b ersaA,rrh icievsa,n Mdu seuimnPs os tcommunist
Bosneiraz-eHgovina 393
RobeJr.Dt o ina
WritHionmgie n t hAer ch:"i vReefuMgeemeo "r yandE tthhneo graphy
ofD ocumentation 402
Penelope Papailias
QinSgt ateAsrmciehvni,as ntHdsi ,s toarnitdah nQesu estoifMo enm ory 4 I 7
BeatrSi.Bc aret lett
CONTENTS
ThReo loefA r cihvienCs h inSeoscei AentE yx:am infartoitmohP nee rescptive
ofA ccess 427
DuMei
ArcihvaensHd i storTiweensth i-ieeCnnt tuCrhyi na 436
WillCi.Ka mi rby
ArcihvaensHd i stoWrriitciaTnlhg eC: a soeft hMee nshPeavyrii tkn1 917 443
ZivGaal ili
RussHiiasnt IoIsrt y t:ih Aner chsi?v e 451
AbbSym ith
ArchiHveitnelgro osgWsriiat:Ri enpgo arntCdso ntroMlalsCisun lgt uunrdeSe tra lin 459
SerYhekyec lhyk
EthtnyiM,ce imroya,n Vdio le:nR celefectoinSo pnesc Piraolb lienSm osv aineEdta st
EuropAeracinhv es 466
JerfefByur ds
Heistataitto hnDeso otroa nA rchCiavtea log 480
VldaimLiarp in
ThHei storitahSneou ra:cnP edr obloefm sR etlyai naEdbt ihliics 490
BoirsV. Ananich
Contributors 497
PrefaancdAe c knowledgments
ith gtehnee rsouupspo oftr htMe e llFoonu ndadiscnussA.s l iioosft saelmli cnoarnrit buatpopresaa tr s
W
tiotnhA,ed vanScteuddC ieensto eftr hI en tertnhaeen odft hveo lu.m e
tioInnaslt oiftt huUetn eir vsyeio tfM ichihgealany d e arInr eadtihneegsss ea ywset hiinitkm porttoca onnt
lonSga wySeerm iinn2a 0r0 0-1t2 o0i 0nvesftrioagm a tsei deesrp ectihraeol ollfeay r chiinwv heasst e mipnaarr
ranogfed s iciprlypi enrastpievtcehsce o mplircealtateidc itpearnmtteshpd e r ocdtuioofkn n owl.eW dep greo
tionbsehtiwpaesre cvnhe fiso,r omfds o cumenatnadt pioostneh,a a nta rchbietv heo uogfah sats iotfie m agination,
thwea ysso cireetmieemstb heepria rs.T t hsper ogirnamc reatyta,in vdpi roducatswi eolnal,so fd ocumentary
clundeeadar h luyn dprreendst eatiinto wnesn tys-eesipgrhetvs aetriaos nit,th eai tn corporastoersot fasv s arious
sions. aSncadhr oclhaifrvrsio smt sfic foturenietpenas r sumptions oafkb noouwtl aekndiwdgnh eda sitk s n ow
ticidp.Oa utrpe oionfdt e parwtausar c eo ncepotfi aobntl hea tf uanrdea mteotn htweaa lyi sn divaindsduo als
archniovstei sm phlsiyt oarsri ecpaols ibtuatosa rc ioems ciettiheiasnb ko tuhte smelvreeslt,ih veepi ars atnsd,
pleoxfs trruecpstr,uo scseeasne,dp istemsoiltougaiitemesad g tihnefeiu rrt euTsh.is st ill lheoawve,evw sei rthu s,
atac ritpiocioanfilt n tersbeecttwsiecoehnno larshtiwplo,a rqcguueel steiaocdnhes c,e pstiimvipenlil etyf s o rmu
turparlac cetpsio,l iatnitdce snc,oh lioeAgsss. i tedso colfa twihoanit:n, d eieasdn a, r chainvwdeh ,aa tc tugaolelsy
umentparreeyrs vartoiootnie nvd a rinoautsi aonnda lo n t?hL eerutes o ffseerv eirnatlr odpurcotpoorsyi tions
soccioanltt sea,xr chivdeesfi fnhoeier nl dpi vicdoumaalbso,eu atco hft hecsoem pmlaetxt ienr hsto hpteeh tahte y
muniietasn,sd t awtheasit sb o tkhn obwlaaen kdn ownc asne rhveeu risatsais ceatal rlogyfu mentwsh iacgha inst
abotuhte piarsA tssp .la ocfeu sn coverinhge,l pae raccohhfti hveeses asiy nst hviosl ummieg bhert e ad.
creaantrdee r-ecastoecm ieamlo Bryya .s sigtnhpiern eg Firhsotwd, ow ed efitnhese p atial obfao nua nrdaries
rogatirveecso rodft ok etehpees rtwa ,hr ocashceiq vuiicshii?vI en stehmei wneap rr opotsheaadtna rchbiev e
tiopno lificnideisan,ig da sn,d vairnisotouinsta ultiitzheodu ogfah satp lace, owrnh oiethtt a haseni r n stitutional
precdtiilmoeendsi ate sbcehtowleaaernnsd h oiripmn afforamn wdh etohren roi tit os r ganainzmdea di ntained
tioanr,c hpirvdoeusck en owleldeggei,tp iomliiztei cbaytl h sest yapstueb,ol rpi rci vgartoeua pnasds socioart ions,
temasn,d coniesdntitreiuIstcnt.t h ber oasdeensastre ,i ndiavliIsdna.u l cla saenas r,c hiiaspv lea wchee croem
chitvheuses m boadryt ioffac cutlstt uhraeetn duarse p lepxre oscsoef"s er membe"or cicncugrr,e aatnidn gr e
signoiffi ewrwhseao r aen wdh y. creacteirntkgai innd s okfn oswol.cWe ieda glpeq uuto ta
Thivso lupmree sfeonarwt isd aeured nicase u sbtantiomna rakrso utnhwdeo rrde meemrbitnoeg m phasize
tipaolr toifto hnpe a pegrisva ettn h see mi.Wn eah ravet htahtpe r oscsetehsba rt itnhgpe a tsotl iifne aarnc hive
groupeds otmheewmlh oaots aerloyu an sde riesi nvoofml uvcemh o rteh asni mpalcyc etsod so cutmse.n
themtehsae tm erdguerdi tnhgce o urosfte h dei scuTshroutghpher oscseesa cqoufi sciltiaifisocsna,at inodn ,
sio.In nss od oiwnegh ,a vmea daene fftooir nt tegrpartevesa etriaornc,hp irvoevsti hdowesh eo ctooim neq uire
thceo rnitbutoifao rncsh iavniodst thswe hrossp er eosfabotuhtpe a swtit ahm ioxf m atersioamlest,ci amrees
siorneaslp onswiebrpierl iimtaairdeimslsi ytn riawtiitvhfe u lsleyl eacntde dol yrs,do emretqiumiedtsioe sr ganized
thoosfse c hoflraotrmhsh e u manaintsdio ecssi caile nacnerdsa ndtohmr,o wuhgihpc ahr tifcourolmfias nr d ividual
whsoew orfkco usoenss peckiifincod fsa rchrievaaln sdo cuinadle rstasntdriuncgat nuapdrrr eeod dd u.c e
sea.rW cehh opteh dei vietoryfst heess ayisn cliund edA rcihvaerse thwuhse prsaeis ettxe pse riivsea nrcie
thviosl ugmievr eesa dersse nsosoftem hb eer detaohfi sousalnyd quite impearnwfdhe ecrtel yot fhi en sacrrti bed
suceasp tbuyrt ehsdee mi,an nawdre r egtrhewatet c anre-crtehapeta icsnatbgn e practiwcaeywd,h eitnh esro me
noatl isnoc ltuhmdeae n fyro maclo mmentoaferfrieedss k uillollryfn otA.ss itoefps r evsaetriaornc,h hiovleds
byo thpearr ticwihpiapcnrhto svs,eos d t imutlooa utrip nagr tipciuelocafter hsp e a tshtaa rtse e clteeodnt hbea sis
Viti PREFAACNED A CKNOWELDGMENTS
ofp artidceufilnairot fui toyina lsni idtm por.tT ahnecyTe hiisns o ttos atyh aartc hciavenev soe rp eunp ptahset
defiwnhea itsk n obwlaaen kdn owbno tbhyt hdeo cuina nyl itwearyaa,ln dc ertatihdneel gyr teowe h ich
mentthsep yr ersvaeen tdh mea tertihaealirsrc hivis"twhsa td "ew iasrs elattoee mdp irical erveidence, the
clitnoae c quoirr ett hhaedtyi scSairldei.nnt ch aeers c hisveea rsci hmearg'inoaratm iioxnt,ou ftr hete w ioa sm at
caanf fuencdte rstaasmn udciahns og r m orteh atnh et eorfc onsiddeirsap.Wb uhltaeiet ns o itnq uesittsih oant
woradnspd i cttuhrcaertse aantrdee -corueiram taeg est hoaefr chicvraelapltayesc dta o nn lbyea ,tb esatr ,e pre
thpea asnthd e nocuesr e nosfwe h ow eh avbee come saenndt aotfsi oomne tnhoil nogn gaecsrcs eiobultest ihdee
why. Aracrthehi usvspe ast bioaulnladysep dl aocfue ns proscseoefrs e membering.
covearnirdne g- covaessr iitnecgso, n ocfe aalnmsdeu npt Asm entionedl ybp,yar sesviigtonhupiesrn egr ogatives
presasswi eolanlso ft heepx respsrieoocjnt,ia onrnde, v ofr ecokrede pteotr ha er cshtia,vr ichciavanel sls eog it
elatoifio nnd ivainddu asploa csaitnasfdl u tsu.r e imi(zroed elezgiept)oi tlmiiicsayls tceomnrssu,tc( rtor e
Whahto,w e,vd eowr em eabny" osci"a?Aln dw hatc onstireduncttia)tn iadeu st,h enitnpi acrattiweca uylsa r
partifcroumlosaf sr o cial kanrosewp leectdiogfi eca trhkei nodfks n owltehdepgyre o d.Au nca edditcioonnal
chei?svW hethienrs tibtytu htseet da otreg,a nbiyz ecde ronft hsee minatrh uwsda estg htreowe hei dcihf ferent
public oern tepisrot,iria v sasteem bbyli endddi uvailksi,n odfas r chives ropllaaenyshd o twth heedsyose o T.o
archciovletlshe eecf tf oefct psta hsaatrtnse e vleirvi end w haetx tefnoetrx, a lmepd,oa rcheimvbeostd hyfe r ag
isolaTthiemo ant.e riinaa lpllrs i vaantpdee rsonamle naotrfcs ultwuhroevs eer pyr ersveatailwolsnto hetmo
chilvietnshk e siureb cjitnss omwea yt ob roasdoecri eanld uarsse i gnoiffis eorcasin andla tiioednnat?liH toyw,
proscseaensad c tivaintcdia aenls w abyeus s ed toa sie nxstifiteulotdfres ed p nrteastedioot nhe,py r ovtihdee
plorea swt ehalelsms oer pee rsonalizoefld i vpetadat nbtgleeierv nisd efnomcre em orya diidtni toon defining
epxeri.eS ntcaaetnend a tiaornicavhle sc,o uorfs e,m eqmuoiirtnyes tit?uA tnidio sfno amnleal tyiaorncahlii nv es
delriabteely creaatbeo bukrtno oaswdolecerpid hagelep artiacrmueol naurm einnpt hsy saiswc eaalllsfi gurative
nomecnean,t eringa reosutpnhepdecr iaaclotlfity ch eets e rtmosw ,h aetx tdeonetts h at mvoenruym eintrtyea pl
natiaontndh set abtueat l asroo usnudeb cjtthsas tt atree siendn itff ewraeyntsth v ei sisooncsia entcdiu elst ures
ofcfiiahlasvd ee emoefpd o tliicoarsl o ciimaplo cret.ah navoeft hesmelavneodsfo th?eT rhsroeuxgth enadnedd
Aldlo cumehnotwse,,vm e ursitns omwea yb ec ontexqtuuistpei rdiitsecdu msossistoe nm,ip naarrt icciapmaen ts
alizTehdem .a teriina lpsr ivate kanrocwhlitvore esc ocgtrnheiaaaztsate s e i otfbe o tchu ltaunrsdac lh olarly
edgteh iastso cialltyu aclboiyntz theveedex rfyao cfti tsa nadd mirnaitspitrvaec tthiaecr ec,hi iniv tiesn stitutional
colleIcnte ixopnl.ot rhiensge tihssese umeipsna,ai rd t otahlaitsto by e " era"de thnograepvheibrciyaat sl ly
partiactutleatnrott ihroeon lt ehsda itfrf eeknitn odfas r careafsu ldtlohyce u miehtno tussa ensd eprrsve.es
chipvleyais ni nfortmhien gls aorcsgipeaarloc fce o llec"Read"ia nnag rchmievaeun nsd ersttahnnead tiunrge
tiavneid n divmiedmuroayA.ln e specdiiaffilcqluuyle ts ofe xplpircaictit nai dcdeistt odi eocni phtehreiiimnrpg l i
tioinnt hirse gairstd h eex tetnowt h icahr chicvaetnsis Ho.e rteh see micnoanrs itdhemeru eldt pirpalce
delriabteeilmyp loirlc iimstihltay,op reo ,th esresw tirutciciensc liuntd hecedo ncoef"p ratc hi"vi itn,swg ehlifch
tucree rtkaiinondfs s o cuinadle rstTaofn ardmietn hge.i nclwuhdaaetr h cividsowt istd ho cumaennadtl sst oo
mattienasr l igdhiftrfeleywn aty t,ow haetx tdeonets atnhde tfhoowrsh eow anttou steh eRme.m embeorfi ng,
broasdpearoc fe smoecmioacrloy n vewrigttehh e mocroeu risasel ,asp or ocoeffsr osg etAtpipnrga.wi hsaiitns g
limictoendfio nfte hsae r ceh?siW vheraert eh e poiwnotrst ohofpyf r eersvaitnia ornc hiisv etnsh eucse sas arily
counnjctureo-fda ifenfrde ?n ce proscsae sw elolfd etermwihnasithn ogub leed cx luded
A relaqtueeds tisiw ohne tthhefero romfst hairs anfdro got.At ceqnuisainatdci scosaen r ael osbov iyo usl
cheisv-bkansoewdl aeldwgaehy asva etl eassotmr ee lavitparla citni cetsh isb usrtoe gtiahwsrea d yi, nw hich
tions otcmoie amlro yw,h iictsho s atyh ceo mplexc oalnlde acrtoeir ognasn ciazteadl,ao ngddee drs,ic bIetid s.
variewgaaytisen d wshoiccihf eotriamse esn osfwe h ath ardtlomyou cthos aays,N ancBya rtalregtuiten s her
theuys etdob el iakned lairnkeoe w O.n em igahrtg uees ys ianp arItIo ft hivso lutmheat,th aer chiisav e
thatp atrhaem oetfte hrdises t ermisnhaiwtfiittto hhn e c onsstiaotnfmet e diabteitownte hemena terainadl st he
emergoefnn ecwe scoocnisatlr (uuscctahisg o ennsdo err a rcshtiasvsw,i e lalsb etwteheaenr chainvdi suttsh eer .
ethny)ia,cn ai wtraenoefss usp prseoscseiexadpl e rieTnhcoewssie t ahu thyoo rvieatrna rchciavlnei tedreatlelry
(uscahs d iscrimoirrn eaeptsris)oia,non nnde wp otliicamli nfeo r wuhsaeitr"s se b ttfeorr egno".t t
fromula(tusicoahns" so t talainti"aso rmr"i psotcoloniFailn,aw lewl oyulsdu ggteors eta dtehriesm portance
ims")S.t itlhlke,n owlpedrgoed ubcyae ndfd r oamr thsee miansasri tgoun nedde rstaarncdhaiisnpv gle asc es
chiavlewsah ya"ssw h at "wa asis tbsa srieecfr epnocien ot.fi ndivaindsduo aclii maalg inwahteitovhnie,br r antly
Prefaancde Acknowledgments IX
soa,si n ardcehdiivcetasopt aerdt ikciunoldfahs ri storWe wantto p ays pectihaalnt koss e vepreaolp le
icoarll iteraerryv aaptnrirdeoe esnsa rocrhm ,o rpea swhosweo rwka osf e normiomupso rttaotn hsceuec c ess
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