Architecture - Dictionary of Architecture and Building Technology

353 Pages·2004·3.5 MB·English

by  Henry Cowan

DICTIONARY
OF
ARCHITECTURAL
AND
BUILDING
TECHNOLOGY
Fourth edition
The Dictionary of Architectural and grasp vocabulary from outside their
Building Technology is a compre- areas as they contribute towards the
hensive summary of vocabulary used built environment.
across the building industry, from
the preparation of the brief through Henry J. Cowan is Professor
architectural and technical design and Emeritus of Architectural Science
documentation, to construction tech- in the University of Sydney. He is a
nology and facilities management. Past-President of the Building Science
This fourth edition has added 1750 Forum of Australia, an Honorary Fel-
new or substantially revised entries, low of the Royal Australian Institute
and over 330 of the existing entries of Architects, a Corresponding Mem-
have been updated. There are 70 addi- ber of the Accademia Pontaniana, and
tional illustrations. The terms have an Officer of the Order of Australia.
been assembled and cross-referenced He is the author of 23 other books and
by specialists from a range of discip- numerous articles.
lines with considerable international
experience. SI metric and Imperial Peter R. Smith is a member of the
units are included, and line drawings Faculty of Architecture at the Univer-
enhance the explanations. sity of Sydney and a Fellow of the
This impressively comprehensive Royal Australian Institute of Archi-
work will enable students and profes- tects. He has contributed as co-author
sionals coming from technical, man- or chapter author to a dozen books on
agement and professional fields to building science subjects.
To Gary T. Moore,
Professor of Environment-
Behaviour Studies
and Dean of the
Faculty of Architecture
of the University of Sydney
Dictionary
of
Architectural
and
Building
Technology
Fourth edition
Henry J. Cowan
and
Peter R. Smith
With contributions by
W. K. Chow,
Fergus R. Fricke,
Graham E. Holland,
Warren G. Julian,
David Leifer,
Cedric Marsh,
Douglas Noble,
David Rowe,
Steven Szokolay and
Ayca Tuzmen
First published 1973 mechanical, or other means, now known or
by Chapman and Hall hereafter invented, including photocopying
Second edition published 1986 and recording, or in any information
by Chapman and Hall storage or retrieval system, without
Third edition published 1998 permission in writing from the publishers.
by Spon Press
British Library Cataloguing in Publication
This edition published 2004 Data
by Spon Press A catalogue record for this book is
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE available from the British Library
Simultaneously published in the USA Library of Congress Cataloging in
and Canada Publication Data
by Spon Press Cowan, Henry J.
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Dictionary of architectural and building
technology/Henry J. Cowan and Peter
This edition published in the
R. Smith; with contributions by W. K.
Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006.
Chow... [et al.]. — 4th ed.
“To purchase your own copy p. cm.
of this or any of Taylor & Francis ISBN 0–415–31233–7 (hb) —
ISBN 0–415–31234–5 (pb)
or Routledge’s collection of
1.Architecture—Dictionaries.
thousands of eBooks please
2.Building—Dictionaries. I.Smith,
go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
Peter R. II.Chow, W. K. III.Title.
Spon Press is an imprint of the Taylor & NA31 .C63 2004
Francis Group 720’.3—dc22
2003023444
© 2004 Henry J. Cowan and Peter R. Smith
ISBN 0-203-69459-7 Master e-book ISBN
All rights reserved. No part of this
book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic,
ISBN 0-203-67977-6 (Adobe eReader Format)
ISBN 0–415–31234–5 pb
0–415–31233–7 hb
Contents
Contributors vi
Preface to the fourth edition x
Abbreviations xiii
Note on typography xiv
The Dictionary 1
Contributors
Henry J.Cowan, the sole author of as co-author or chapter author to
the first edition of this dictionary, is a dozen books on building science
Professor Emeritus of Architectural subjects.
Science in the University of Sydney.
He has a PhD and a Doctorate of W.K. Chow joined The Hong Kong
Engineering by examination from Polytechnic (now The Hong Kong
the University of Sheffield, and an Polytechnic University) in 1981, and
Honorary Doctorate of Architecture is now a Chair Professor of Architec-
from the University of Sydney. The tural Science and Fire Engineering in
Institution of Engineers, Australia, the Department of Building Services
awarded him the Chapman Medal and Engineering, teaching and developing
the Monash Medal, and the Institution courses up to master degree level; and
of Structural Engineers, London, a has supervised PhD research projects
Special Service Award. He is a Past- on architectural science, fire and
President of the Building Science safety engineering for over 20 years.
Forum of Australia, an Honorary He has BSc, MST and PhD degrees.
Fellow of the Royal Australian Insti- He is a Fellow of the Chartered Insti-
tute of Architects, a Corresponding tution of Building Services Engineers
Member of the Accademia Pontan- and the Hong Kong Institution of
iana, and an Officer of the Order of Engineers; and the Founding Pres-
Australia. He is the author of 23 other ident of the Society of Fire Protection
books and numerous articles. Engineers (Hong Kong Chapter) set
up in October 2002. He has served on
Peter R. Smith, co-author of the government department committees
second and third editions, has BArch, dealing with building requirements
MArch and PhD degrees from the and fire safety matters. Over three
University of Sydney, and is a Fellow hundred of his papers have been
of the Royal Australian Institute of published in journal and conference
Architects. Following some years in proceedings in fire engineering,
architectural practice, he joined the indoor air quality and building energy.
Faculty of Architecture at the Univer-
sity of Sydney, where he has served Fergus Fricke, BE (Melbourne)
as Department Head and Associate and PhD (Monash), is an Honorary
Dean, as well as teaching a wide Associate Professor at the University
range of technical subjects. He has of Sydney. He has taught acoustics
served on professional, standards to architecture, engineering and music
and industry committees dealing with students, published over 200 papers
concrete, timber, energy conservation, in architectural, building and envir-
solar energy and general building onmental acoustics and established
industry matters. He has contributed the postgraduate audio programme at
vii Contributors
the University of Sydney. He has held management company – FM Solu-
positions at Monash, Southampton, tions Pty Ltd. He has taught at the
Sheffield, Purdue and Sydney Univer- Mackintosh School of Architecture,
sities and has served on Australian Glasgow (1984–86), the Schools of
and international standards commit- Architecture at the Universities of
tees on acoustics as well as the Queensland (1986–93) and Auckland
editorial boards of several acoustics (1993–2000), and is the present co-
journals. He was a contributor to the ordinator of the graduate programme
second and third editions. in facilities management at the
University of Sydney.
Graham E.Holland, BArch and PhD
(Sydney), is an Honorary Associate Cedric Marsh, MA(Cantab),
in the Faculty of Architecture at MIStructE, FCSCE, graduated from
the University of Sydney. His special Cambridge in 1944 and spent the
interest is in building construction, and rest of the war at the Royal Aircraft
he is co-author, with Dr Peter Smith, Establishment, Farnborough. He
of a web-based teaching text Design designed aluminium structures with
in Brickwork (www.brickbydesign. SMD Ltd in Slough, with Aluminium
com). He is the author of a book on Laboratories Ltd in Geneva, and with
owner building, a number of articles, the Aluminum Company of Canada
and a book on polychromatic brick- in Montreal, followed by a period
work also on the World Wide Web. of private consulting and academic
He was a contributor to the second and positions at the University of Waterloo
third editions. and Concordia University, Montreal,
where he shared in the creation of
Warren Julian, BSc, BE, MSc(Arch) the Centre for Building Studies, that
and PhD (Sydney), originally an elec- offers courses leading to Bachelor and
trical engineer, is Associate Professor Master of Building Engineering. He
of Architectural and Design Science is the author of Strength of Aluminum,
at the University of Sydney. He is now in its fifth edition. He chairs
the author of about 200 books and or participates in structural code
papers on lighting and related sub- writing committees in Canada, the
jects, Life Fellow of IES(ANZ), USA and Europe. Areas of research
Editor of Lighting, and Vice-President include elastic stability, seismic action
(Technical) of the Commission Inter- and general behaviour under load of
nationale de l’Éclairage (CIE). He various materials. Retired in 1997 as
was a contributor to the second and a Distinguished Professor Emeritus.
third editions.
Douglas E. Noble has BSArch
David Leiferis a registered architect and BArch degrees from California
and an incorporated engineer. He is State Polytechnic University, and
a Past Chairman of the NZ Chapter MArch and PhD degrees from the
of the Chartered Institution of Build- University of California, Berkeley.
ing Services Engineers, a past He is a Fellow of the American Insti-
board member of the International tute of Architects. He teaches design
Facility Management Association of and design computing at the Univer-
Australia, and a director of the facility sity of Southern California in Los
Contributors viii
Angeles. He is a practising architect has a modest consulting practice.
and has served as a consultant to a He is the author of a dozen books,
number of firms, is chair of the Los co-author and chapter author in many
Angeles AIA CAD Committee and others and a contributor to the Encyc-
the former president of the Asso- lopaedia of Science and Technology.
ciation for Computer-Aided Design
In Architecture (ACADIA), and the Ayca Tuzmen has degrees of BArch
Director of the Graduate Building from Middle East Technical Univer-
Science programme at USC. His sity, MArch (New Jersey Institute
interests are in the areas of computer- of Technology), and MCS and PhD
supported design and the science of (Arizona State University). After a
design, and he is the author of several career as an architect, urban planner,
books in this area. research associate and software
designer, she joined the University of
David Rowe, ASTC (mechanical Sydney as a lecturer in the Design
engineering), FIEAust, CPEng, has Computing program, teaching courses
enjoyed a career which included some at both undergraduate and post-
30 years’involvement with design and graduate levels. She is a member of
construction of building services for ACADIA, member of eCAADe, and
public buildings in NSW. He joined a registered architect of the Turkish
the staff of the University of Sydney Institute of Architects. She is author
in 1991 to establish the building of a dozen refereed journal and con-
services postgraduate programme. In ference papers related to the role of
2002, he was awarded the degree of computing in collaborative design,
Master of Design Science (Honoris and has been organiser, moderator and
Causa). He was a contributor to the referee for a number of conferences.
third edition.
Steven V.Szokolay,DipArch, MArch, Contributors to the Third
PhD, had some years of architectural Edition
practice in Sydney and London, then
he taught in Liverpool, Nairobi and José Carlos Damski has more than
Brisbane, where he was Director 20 years’experience in computer sci-
of the Architectural Science Unit ence. Following an MSc in computer
and later the Head of Department science and electrical engineering in
of Architecture. Now retired, he still Brazil, he obtained his PhD from the
supervises the work of several PhD University of Sydney. He has been a
candidates. He was twice Chairman postdoctoral fellow, with research
of the ANZ Solar Energy Society, interests in computational models of
foundation editor of its journal: design using AI techniques, in areas
Solar Progress, President of the ANZ such as creativity, visual reasoning
Architectural Science Association and design presentation.
and of PLEA (Passive and Low
Energy Architecture) International. Hilaire Graham, BArch (Sydney)
He served (and serves) on numerous and MArch (London), has worked
(State and Commonwealth) govern- as an architect on major urban and
ment and standards committees and building projects, and as an FM
ix Contributors
consultant. She currently lectures the building industry, coordinated and
on facility management, and was the taught several courses in the building
1997 NSW Chairman of the Facility services postgraduate programme.
Management Association. He is now acting in a senior capacity
with Ove Arup and Partners.
Gerard A.O’Dwyerhas BDesSc and
BArch degrees from the University Michael A. Rosenman, BArch,
of Queensland, and an MDesSc from MBdgSc and PhD (Sydney), is an
the University of Sydney. He is an architect of 31 years’experience, con-
Associate of the Royal Australian cerned with design theory and method
Institute of Architects, and worked related to computer-aided design, in
for seven years as an architect the fields of optimisation, knowledge-
before joining the Sydney University based systems, expert systems, and
staff. evolutionary design. He is a Senior
Research Fellow, and the co-author of
Craig Pearce, DipEE (Caulfield) and a book and some 80 book chapters,
MDesSc (Sydney), after 30 years in papers and reports.