Architectural Acoustics

873 Pages·2006·1.31 MB·English

by  Marshall Long

A R C H I T E C T U R A L A C O U S T I C S

A R C H I T E C T U R A L A C O U S T I C S
byMarshallLong
fromthe
ApplicationsofModernAcousticsSeries
EditedbyMoisesLevyandRichardStern
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CONTENTS
PREFACE xxv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxvii
1 HISTORICALINTRODUCTION 1
1.1 GREEKANDROMANPERIOD(650bc–ad400) 1
EarlyCultures 1
Greeks 2
Romans 4
VitruviusPollio 5
1.2 EARLYCHRISTIANPERIOD(ad400–800) 7
RomeandtheWest 7
EasternRomanEmpire 8
1.3 ROMANESQUEPERIOD(800–1100) 10
1.4 GOTHICPERIOD(1100–1400) 11
GothicCathedrals 11
1.5 RENAISSANCEPERIOD(1400–1600) 14
RenaissanceChurches 14
RenaissanceTheaters 15
1.6 BAROQUEPERIOD(1600–1750) 16
BaroqueChurches 16
BaroqueTheaters 17
ItalianOperaHouses 17
BaroqueMusic 18
ProtestantMusic 19
1.7 ORIGINSOFSOUNDTHEORY 20
1.8 CLASSICALPERIOD(1750–1825) 21
1.9 ROMANTICPERIOD(1825–1900) 23
ShoeboxHalls 26
1.10 BEGINNINGSOFMODERNACOUSTICS 30
1.11 TWENTIETHCENTURY 33
2 FUNDAMENTALSOFACOUSTICS 37
2.1 FREQUENCYANDWAVELENGTH 37
Frequency 37
Wavelength 37
viii ArchitecturalAcoustics
FrequencySpectrum 40
Filters 40
2.2 SIMPLEHARMONICMOTION 40
VectorRepresentation 43
TheComplexPlane 43
TheComplexExponential 44
RadialFrequency 45
ChangesinPhase 46
2.3 SUPERPOSITIONOFWAVES 46
LinearSuperposition 46
Beats 48
2.4 SOUNDWAVES 50
PressureFluctuations 50
SoundGeneration 50
WavelengthofSound 51
VelocityofSound 51
WavesinOtherMaterials 55
2.5 ACOUSTICALPROPERTIES 55
Impedance 55
Intensity 57
EnergyDensity 59
2.6 LEVELS 59
SoundLevels—Decibels 59
SoundPressureLevel 61
SoundPowerLevel 62
2.7 SOURCECHARACTERIZATION 65
PointSourcesandSphericalSpreading 65
Sensitivity 67
Directionality,Directivity,andDirectivityIndex 68
LineSources 70
PlanarSources 71
3 HUMANPERCEPTIONANDREACTIONTOSOUND 73
3.1 HUMANHEARINGMECHANISMS 73
PhysiologyoftheEar 73
3.2 PITCH 77
CriticalBands 77
ConsonanceandDissonance 78
ToneScales 79
Pitch 81
3.3 LOUDNESS 81
ComparativeLoudness 81
LoudnessLevels 82
RelativeLoudness 83
Contents ix
ElectricalWeightingNetworks 84
NoiseCriteriaCurves(NCandRC) 85
JustNoticeableDifference 88
EnvironmentalImpact 90
3.4 INTELLIGIBILITY 91
Masking 91
SpeechIntelligibility 93
SpeechInterferenceLevel 94
ArticulationIndex 95
AL 96
CONS
Privacy 97
3.5 ANNOYANCE 98
Noisiness 98
TimeAveraging–L 100
eq
Twenty-FourHourMetrics–L andCNEL 101
dn
Annoyance 101
3.6 HEALTHANDSAFETY 105
HearingLoss 105
3.7 OTHEREFFECTS 107
PrecedenceEffectandthePerceptionofEchoes 107
PerceptionofDirection 110
BinauralSound 113
4 ACOUSTICMEASUREMENTSANDNOISEMETRICS 115
4.1 MICROPHONES 115
FrequencyResponse 118
DirectionalMicrophones 118
SoundFieldConsiderations 120
4.2 SOUNDLEVELMETERS 121
MeterCalibration 122
MeterBallistics 124
MeterRange 125
Detectors 125
Filters 125
4.3 FIELDMEASUREMENTS 125
BackgroundNoise 127
Time-VaryingSources 129
Diurnal(24-Hour)TrafficMeasurements 130
4.4 BROADBANDNOISEMETRICS 132
BandwidthCorrections 133
DurationCorrections 135
VariabilityCorrections 135
SoundExposureLevels 136
SingleEventNoiseExposureLevel 137