Table Of ContentARCHAEOLOGY and the SOCIAL HISTORY of SHIPS
2nd Edition
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Maritimearchaeologydealswithshipwrecksandiscarriedoutbydivers
rather than diggers. It embraces maritime history; analyzes changes in
shipbuilding,navigation,andseamanship;andoffersfreshperspectives
ontheculturesandsocietiesthatproducedtheshipsandsailors.Draw-
ingondetailedpastandrecentcasestudies,RichardA.Gouldprovides
an up-to-date review of the field that includes dramatic new findings
arisingfromimprovedunderseatechnologies.
This second edition of Archaeology and the Social History of Ships
has been updated throughout to reflect new findings and new inter-
pretations of old sites. The new edition explores advances in undersea
technology in archaeology, especially remotely operated vehicles. The
book reviews many of the major recent shipwreck findings, including
the Vasa in Stockholm, the Viking wrecks at Roskilde Fjord, and the
Titanic.
Richard A. Gould isemeritusprofessorofanthropologyatBrown
University.Inadditiontowritingarticlesfornumerousjournals,includ-
ing American Antiquity and The International Journal of Nautical
Archaeology, he has contributed to several edited volumes, among
themEncyclopediaofUnderwaterandMaritimeArchaeologyandThe
Oxford Companion to Archaeology. He is the author or editor of
12 books, including Disaster Archaeology, Recovering the Past, Ship-
wreckAnthropology,andLivingArchaeology.
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ARCHAEOLOGY
and the
SOCIAL HISTORY
of SHIPS
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2nd edition
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(cid:3) (cid:3)
Richard A. Gould
brown university
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(cid:2)C RichardA.Gould2011
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten
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Firstpublished2000
Secondedition2011
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata
Gould,RichardA.
Archaeologyandthesocialhistoryofships/RichardA.Gould.–2nded.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
isbn978-0-521-19492-1(hardback)–
isbn978-0-521-12562-8(paperback)
1.Underwaterarchaeology. 2.Shipwrecks. 3.Ships–History.
4.Oceanandcivilization. I.Title.
cc77.u5g68 2011
930.1028(cid:3)04–dc22 2010051113
isbn978-0-521-19492-1Hardback
isbn978-0-521-12562-8Paperback
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contents
Listoffigures page vii
Listoftables xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Introduction:Towardahigherstandard 1
1. Interpretingtheunderwaterarchaeologicalrecord 9
2. Underwaterarchaeology:Thestateoftheart 25
3. Shipsandshipwrecks:Basicmechanics 63
4. Thearchaeologyofsmallwatercraft 91
5. Theearliestships 121
6. Shipwrecksandourunderstandingofancienttrade 151
7. SailingshipsoftheMiddleAges 171
8. Shipsofthegreatageofsail 209
9. Fromsailtosteaminmaritimecommerce 248
10. Newtechnologiesandnavalwarfare 281
11. Thearchaeologyofmaritimeinfrastructure 319
12. Thefutureofshipwreckarchaeology 336
Referencescited 357
Generalindex 379
Shipandsiteindex 385
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figures
1. Top,unmodifiedT-2tankerleavingBostonHarbor,1957.
Bottom,generalizedviewof“jumboized”versionofaT-2,
similartotheMarineElectric. page 5
2. Above-andbelow-waterviewsoftheram-bowonthe
wreckofHMSVixen. 22
3. RemovalofengineofSSXanthofromitsconservationtank
attheWesternAustralianMaritimeMuseum,Fremantle. 32
4. AerialviewofFortJefferson,DryTortugasNationalPark,
Florida. 35
5. ContemporaryprintdepictingthelossoftheUSSMonitor
offCapeHatteras,NorthCarolina,on31December1862. 41
6. MagneticcontourmapofMonitorwreck. 43
7. Side-scansonarimageofMonitorwreck. 45
8. Artist’sdepictionofunderwaterelectronicgridatMonitor
site. 47
9. TrilaterationplanofUSSArizonawreck,PearlHarbor,
Hawaii. 52
10. AerialviewoftheBirdKeyWreck(arrow)inrelationto
FortJefferson,DryTortugasNationalPark,Florida. 56
11. Four-bladedpropellerontheBirdKeyWreck. 56
12. TrilaterationplanoftheBirdKeyWreck. 57
13. Top,“kneesfromtrees.”Drawingfroman18th-century
Frenchshipbuildingmanual.Bottom,hangingkneesinside
hullofthree-mastedschoonerC.A.Thayer,National
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viii (cid:2) Figures
MaritimeMuseum,GoldenGateRecreationArea,San
Francisco. 66
14. Bow-onviewofcompositeclippershipCuttySarkin
Greenwich,England. 67
15. Hoggingandsagging. 71
16. Stableandunstablehullconditions. 74
17. Irwin’s(1992)upwindstrategyforvoyagesofdiscovery
andcolonizationbytheancestorsofthePolynesians. 79
18. TrilaterationplanoftheBarrelWrecksite,Loggerhead
Reef,DryTortugasNationalPark,
Florida. 85
19. Planofship’stimbersandphotographofcementbarrel
castsatBarrelWrecksite,LoggerheadReef,DryTortugas
NationalPark,Florida. 86
20. HaidadugoutcanoefromBritishColumbia,atthe
AmericanMuseumofNaturalHistory,NewYork. 99
21. ATolowaIndianmakingmodificationstoatraditional
NorthwestCaliforniadugoutcanoeatCrescentCity,
California,in1963. 100
22. FijianoutriggercanoeundersailatOno-I-Lauin1991,
comparedwithaFijiandouble-hulledvoyagingcanoe
(1918)attheSuvaMuseum,Fiji. 101
23. Diagramofsewn-plankjoineryofFerriby1. 104
24. Double-hullvoyagingcanoereplicaHokule’ashortlyafter
itslaunchin1975atKaneoheBay,Oahu. 107
25. RockengravingofoutriggercanoeatAnaehoomalu,
Hawaii. 107
26. Generalizeddiagramofclinkerconstruction,shownin
crosssectionandexpandedviews. 113
27. ExplodedviewofGreco–Romanmortise-and-tenon
joineryofhullplanks. 119
28. TheKhufushipondisplayatGiza. 123
29. CrosssectionofthehulloftheKhufuship,showingthe
complexarrangementoflashingsandbattensusedtojoin
theplanks. 125
30. ModelofEgyptiansailingcraftshowinghoggingtruss,
steeringoars,andcharacteristicuseofayardatthetop
andaboomatthebottomofthesail. 127
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Figures (cid:2) ix
31. Copperox-hideingotNo.33fromtheLateBronzeAge
shipwreckatCapeGelidonya,Turkey. 129
32. GeneralizedmodelofaRomanmerchantship. 145
33. Schematicmodelofthekulaexchangesystem. 165
34. Prehistoricstoneshipsetting,A˚landIslands,Finland. 179
35. SailingshipofVikingtraditionshownontheBayeux
Tapestry(a.d.1066). 180
36. SailingreplicaofVikingwarshipatViipuri(Vyborg),
Russia. 183
37. DepictionsofBalticcogsonthewallsofa13th-century
churchatFinstro¨m,A˚landIslands,Finland. 187
38. Modernsailingjunk,HongKong,andsmalloaredsampan
nearShanghai,China. 199
39. SailingreplicaoftheMatthew,anao-likevesselusedby
JohnCabotinhis1497voyagetoNorthAmerica. 211
40. SailingreplicaofthecommercialgalleonSusanConstant
atJamestown,Virginia. 217
41. Sketchofaverso-typeswivelgunfromtheMolassesReef
wreck,Caicos,andphotographofapairofencrusted
swivelgunsfromthe“SpanishWreck,”LoggerheadKey,
DryTortugasNationalPark,Florida. 219
42. UpperdeckofSwedishwarshipVasa,showingexcellent
preservationofthewoodenstructure. 237
43. LowergunportsoftheVasawiththegunportlidsinthe
raisedandopenposition. 238
44. Sternsectionofthe17th-centuryDutchEastIndia
CompanyarmedmerchantmanBataviaondisplayatthe
WesternAustralianMaritimeMuseum,Fremantle,after
excavationandconservation. 242
45. ModeloftheBataviashowingshell-firstconstruction
techniques. 243
46. Monumentalgatereassembledfromshapedstonesfrom
thewreckoftheBatavia. 244
47. WreckoftheCountyofRoxboroughonTakaroaAtollin
theTuamotuIslands,FrenchPolynesia. 253
48. TrilaterationplanoftheKilleanwreck,LoggerheadReef,
DryTortugasNationalPark,Florida. 255
49. BowareaoftheKillean. 257
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x (cid:2) Figures
50. InterioroftheCountyofRoxborough. 258
51. PressurevesselfromtheKillean. 259
52. SternsectionoftheNorthCarolinawreck,Bermuda,
showing(a)theintacttillerand(b)rudder. 266
53. PassagewaywithinthewreckoftheYongala,insidethe
GreatBarrierReef,Queensland,Australia. 269
54. AcontemporarywatercolorshowingthelossoftheMary
Celestia,Bermuda. 273
55. BoxboileroftheMaryCelestia. 274
56. FeatheringpaddlewheelatthewreckoftheMaryCelestia. 275
57. Earlydepictionoftheworld’sfirsttrueironcladwarship,
theGloire. 285
58. HMSWarriorundergoingrestorationin1986in
Hartlepool,England. 286
59. FleetofRussianturretedironcladsattheSouthHarbor,
Helsinki,Finland,sometimeduringthelate
1860s. 288
60. AcontemporarydrawingoftheMerrimacrammingand
sinkingtheCumberland. 290
61. PlanandelevationdrawingsoftheMonitorwreck. 292
62. InteriorofoneoftheColesturretsaboardtheHMVS
Cerberuswreckshowingthetwo18-tonrifled
muzzle-loadingguns. 296
63. TrilaterationplanofwreckoftheHMSVixen,Bermuda. 300
64. ElevationdrawingoftheVixen,showinghowtheship
brokeandsettledintotheChubbCutChannelafterbeing
scuttledin1896. 301
65. HypotheticalrammingencounteratseabetweentheVixen
andtheWarrior. 303
66. ManuallyoperatedcapstanontheforedeckoftheVixen. 304
67. (a)AerialviewoftheUSSUtahfollowingconversiontoa
radio-controlledtargetship.(b)Detailshowinginstallation
ofantiaircraftgunsaboardtheUtahshortlybeforethe
PearlHarborattack. 314
68. Above-waterviewofthewreckoftheUtah. 315
69. PlandrawingandelevationoftheUtahwreck. 316
70. ScaledrawingoftheFloatingDock,Bermuda. 328
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