'Archaeologizing' Heritage?: Transcultural Entanglements between Local Social Practices and Global Virtual Realities

284 Pages·2013·14.932 MB·English

by  Michael Falser, Monica Juneja (auth.), Michael Falser, Monica Juneja (eds.)

‘Archaeologizing’ Heritage?
Transcultural Entanglements
between Local Social Practices
and Global Virtual Realities
Michael Falser · Monica Juneja Editors
123
Transcultural Research – Heidelberg Studies
on Asia and Europe in a Global Context
SeriesEditors
MadeleineHerren
AxelMichaels
RudolfG.Wagner
For furthervolumes:
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Michael Falser (cid:129) Monica Juneja
Editors
‘Archaeologizing’ Heritage?
Transcultural Entanglements between Local
Social Practices and Global Virtual Realities
Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop
on Cultural Heritage and the Temples of Angkor
(Chair of Global Art History, Heidelberg University,
2–5 May 2010)
Editors
MichaelFalser
MonicaJuneja
ClusterofExcellence‘AsiaandEuropeinaGlobalContext’
ChairofGlobalArtHistory
KarlJaspersCentreofAdvancedTransculturalStudies
Ruprecht-Karls-Universit€atHeidelberg
Germany
ThispublicationwasfundedbytheDeutscheForschungsgemeinschaft(GermanResearch
Foundation)withintheClusterofExcellence270/1‘AsiaandEuropeinaGlobalContext’at
Universit€atHeidelberg.
ISSN2191-656X ISSN2191-6578(electronic)
ISBN978-3-642-35869-2 ISBN978-3-642-35870-8(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-35870-8
SpringerHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013937206
#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013
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Cover illustration: The cover illustration “Ruines Khme`res du Cambodge” is a water colour by the
FrencharchitectLucienFournereau (1846–1906)whoparticipatedinan1888Frenchmissiontothe
SiamesesiteofAngkortotakeplastercastsfromthetemplesforLouisDelaporte’sMuse´eIndochinoisin
theParisianTrocaderoPalace.Hereturnedwith520castsandalargesetofdrawingsrangingfromexact
sections,elevations,andfloorplansofvarioustemplestodetailedstudiesoftheirdecorationand,finally
(as depicted in the detail here), a visionary, picturesque, and ‘archaeologizing’ collage: it combined
variousAngkoriantemplesitesandtheirarchitecturalelementsandreducedthetemple’sstakeholders
(the monks) to passive staffage figures. Fournereau’s drawings were exhibited during the 1889
Exposition Universelle in Paris and are housedin the archive of the E´cole nationale supe´rieure des
beaux-artsinParis.SpecialthankstoMoniqueAntilogusandEmmanuelSchwartzfromENSBAfor
theirvaluablehelp.(#E´colenationalesupe´rieuredesbeaux-arts,Paris;Photo:Jean-MichelLapelerie).
Printedonacid-freepaper
SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)
Preface
This volume is the product of the project ‘Heritage as a transcultural concept’
coordinatedbyMonicaJunejaandMichaelFalser.Itisinformedbytheperspective
of a transcultural history of art which responds to the challenge posed by global
connectivity to existing disciplines. The Heidelberg Chair of Global Art History,
institutedwithintheClusterofExcellence‘AsiaandEuropeinaGlobalContext,’
works to effect a deconstruction of disciplinary models within art history which
have marginalizedexperiences andpractices ofentanglement. By focusing on the
long-establisheddisciplinesofarchaeology,architecturalconservation,andpreser-
vation, aswell ason ‘new’ specialisations such as scientific computing, this book
contributes to the chair’s major interest in investigating the formation of key
concepts,suchasheritage,inarthistory.
The project ‘Heritage as a transcultural concept’ charts the colonial, postcolo-
nial/nationalist,andglobaltrajectoriesofthenotionofculturalheritage.Animpor-
tantcasestudythatitresearchesisthetwelfthcenturyCambodiantempleAngkor
Wat—thesubjectofaforthcomingmonographbyMichaelFalser—andthediffer-
ent phases of its history that unfolded within the transcultural interstices of Euro-
pean and Asian projects and conceptual definitions: from its ‘discovery in the
jungle’byFrenchcolonialarchaeologyinthenineteenthcenturytoitscanonisation
asasymbolofnationalidentityduringthestrugglefordecolonisationandunderthe
postcolonial Khmer Rouge regime, and finally as a global icon of contemporary
heritage schemes. Studies of material traces and architectural forms as well as
literary and visual representations of the structure are undertaken with a view to
analysingprocessesoftransferandtranslation,aswellastherecentproliferationof
hybridartformsinthewakeofthemonumentbecomingamediaicon.
The investigation of heritage from a transcultural perspective questions diffu-
sionist master narratives that constituted their units of analysis in terms of a
metropolitan Leitkultur and a recipient culture on the periphery; instead it
investigatesbothentanglementsandinnerpluralitiesineachoftheunits.Itdraws
attentiontothewaysinwhichlocalagenciesengagewith‘universalising’concepts
anddebatesontheirownterms.Suchprocessesareseentocreatea‘thirdspace’in
v
vi Preface
which a particular monument comes to be refracted through the prism of new
visualities,whicharealsocentraltotheessaysinthisbook.
It is the pleasant duty of the editors to thank all those who contributed to the
makingofthisbook—abovealltheauthorsandparticipantsoftheworkshopofthe
sametitleheldinMay2010whereseveralofthepapersincludedherewereinitially
read and discussed. In addition, sincere thanks are due to Andrea Hacker of the
editorial office for her friendly and efficient management of the project from the
start; to Angela Roberts for careful and competent copyediting, to Petronela
Soltesz,JenniferPochodazalla,andBrigitteBerger-G€okenfortechnicalassistance.
Finally,wearegratefultothetwoanonymousreviewersofthemanuscriptaswell
astotheserieseditorsfortheirconstructivesuggestions.
Heidelberg,Germany MichaelFalser
March2013 MonicaJuneja
Contents
‘Archaeologizing’HeritageandTransculturalEntanglements:
AnIntroduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
MichaelFalserandMonicaJuneja
PartI ArchaeologizingHeritageI:IndiaBetweentheManual
andthePicturesque
AConservationCodefortheColony:JohnMarshall’sConservation
ManualandMonumentPreservationBetweenIndiaandEurope. . . . . 21
IndraSengupta
PicturesqueAuthenticityinEarlyArchaeologicalPhotographyinBritish
India. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . 39
KatharinaWeiler
PartII ArchaeologizingHeritageII:CreatingVisualandSpatial
ExperiencesofAngkor
VirtualVisionsofAngkor:PlasterCastsandDrawingsintheIndochinese
MuseumoftheTrocaderoPalaceinParis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
PierreBaptiste
FromColonialMaptoVisitor’sParcours:TouristGuidesandthe
SpatiotemporalMakingoftheArchaeologicalParkofAngkor. . . . . . . 81
MichaelFalser
PartIII VirtualizingHeritageI:TheSurfaceandtheImage
Reality-BasedVirtualModelsinCulturalHeritage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
ArminGruen
vii
viii Contents
3DModellingoftheTemplesofAngkorBasedonReligious
Conceptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
PheakdeyNguonphan
PartIV VirtualizingHeritageII:ComputerModelsforBuilding
Research
TheGiantBuddhaFiguresinAfghanistan:VirtualRealityfor
aPhysicalReconstruction?. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. 143
GeorgiosToubekisandMichaelJansen
VirtualizingtheTempleofBayon. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
OlivierCunin
PartV RestorationandInterpretation:OfVirtualModels
andLivingCommunities
BetweenOnSite-ConservationandScientificComputing:AFuture
fortheTwelfth-CenturyBanteayChhmarTempleComplex. . . . . . . . . 183
JohnSanday
Angkor:PreservingWorldHeritageandtheRoleofInterpretation. . . 199
JaneClarkChermayeff
DevelopingConservationApproachestoLivingHeritageatAngkor:
TheConservationoftheStatueofTaReach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
SimonWarrack
PartVI MemorializingArchaeology:ArchaeologizingMemory
Today’sPagan:ConservationUndertheGenerals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
PierrePichard
TheAngkorianPalimpsest:TheDailyLifeofVillagersLiving
onaWorldHeritageSite. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
FabienneLuco
TheLivingArchaeologyofaPainfulHeritage:TheFirstandSecond
LifeoftheKhmerRougeMassGraves. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
AnneYvonneGuillou
Authors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
‘Archaeologizing’ Heritage and Transcultural
Entanglements: An Introduction
MichaelFalserandMonicaJuneja
Theoretical Preliminaries
The appropriation of the past by actors in the present is subject to multiple dy-
namics. These span a field of forces composed of nation states, transnational
organisations,andlocalcommunities,eachconcernedwithpreservingtheremains
of the past in order to emblematize identities, to protect and project a nation’s
patrimony,oralternativelytoconstructanotionofworldheritage.Therearemany
facets to the study of heritage in modern societies; the concept is part of a trans-
cultural order that has emerged in the last two centuries. A child of the European
Enlightenment,itcirculatedundertheaegisofcolonialismacrosstheglobewhereit
washarnessedtothecivilizingprogrammeofthecolonialstateandatthesametime
appropriated by the agenda of nation building to wrest locality from the global
constellation of empire. In the contemporary world, heritage has become increas-
inglyenmeshedwithmodernmedia,tourism,andthespectacle,whichinturnhas
led to the creation of a veritable ‘heritage industry.’ Today’s global heritage
industry does not flatten cultural difference; rather, it exploits the particularity of
thelocalandre-packagestheexoticasacommodityfortheworldbazaarinways
that are reminiscent of the Orientalist fabrications in the world exhibitions of the
nineteenthcentury.Yettheglobalizationofethnicityoughtnottodetractfromthe
observation that the varied national and local articulations of identity and its
tangible anchors make heritage a contested issue and often a site of tension and
violentconflict(Gamboni2001;Flood2002;Juneja2009;Falser2011a).
All of these dimensions have challenged scholarship to search for explanatory
models that are able to grapple with the questions they raise. The thrust of most
critiques of Eurocentric notions of heritage and conservation that have informed
M.Falser(*)•M.Juneja
ClusterofExcellence‘AsiaandEuropeinaGlobalContext’,ChairofGlobalArtHistory,Karl
JaspersCentreofAdvancedTransculturalStudies,HeidelbergUniversity,Heidelberg,Germany
e-mail:[email protected];[email protected]
M.FalserandM.Juneja(eds.),‘Archaeologizing’Heritage?,Transcultural 1
Research–HeidelbergStudiesonAsiaandEuropeinaGlobalContext,
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-35870-8_1,#Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2013