Table Of Content

Christian E.W. Steinberg Aquatic Animal Nutrition Organic Macro- and Micro-Nutrients Aquatic Animal Nutrition Christian E.W. Steinberg Aquatic Animal Nutrition Organic Macro- and Micro-Nutrients ChristianE.W.Steinberg DepartmentofBiology, FacultyofLifeSciences Humboldt-UniversitätzuBerlin Berlin,Germany ISBN978-3-030-87226-7 ISBN978-3-030-87227-4 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87227-4 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2022 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthe materialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this bookarebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsor theeditorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG. Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland Preface WhenIstartedplanningAquaticAnimalNutritionasaone-volumebook,Ihavenot beenawareoftheexplodingnumbersofpapers,oftengoodtoexcellentones,onthis issueinrecentyears.ManyofthesecontributionsoriginatefromChinaduetosimple but effective mechanisms: Chinese researchers may increase their salary by publi- cations in top journals of their discipline, and if they do so and if they are granted highlyranked projects, theirstaffwillbereinforcedwithgoodyoungfacultiesand goodstudentsbytheiracademicinstitution.Andverysoon,theselaboratoriesreach the size of small to medium academic departments at Western universities. Never- theless, it has been effort and pleasure at the same time to sort out intriguing from mediocrepapersandtofigureoutgapsandpotentialfutureresearchdirections. Therefore, Aquatic Animal Nutrition (AAN) will be extended. It will nowcom- prisethreevolumes: AANI—AMechanisticPerspectivefromIndividualstoGenerations AANII—OrganicMacro-andMicro-Nutrients AANIII—AlternativeFeedsandAntinutritionalFactors I thank Springer Nature Switzerland for this courtesy. My sincere appreciation goesto“mySpringerladies,”namelyAlexandrineCheronetandJudithTerpos,who werealwaysverysupportive.ParticularlywarmregardsgotoÉvaLörincziwhohas alwaysbeenunderstandingandhelpful,evenincriticalphasesofthisvolume. The extent of Aquatic Animal Nutrition has changed, but my primary interest remains constant. My wish has not been to discuss higher productivity in the aquaculture industries or review recipes for more effective functional aquafeeds in ordertoincreasesurvival,reproduction,orproductivityoffarmedanimals.Instead,I aminterestedinansweringthequestionofhowcertaindietaryingredientsinfluence the life history traits not only of the consumers but also of their succeeding generations. And as an ecologist, my preference is to understand how the aquatic superorganismsfunction:Whatisthecontributionoftheintestinalmicrobiotatothe well-being of thehost and, onthe other side, how doesdomestication and farming modifytheoriginallywildanimals? v vi Preface I am thankful to all the photographers and artists who allowed me to use their wonderful images and artworks free of charge. Doubtless, they contribute to an attractive appearance of this book. We all agree that good illustrations can often explaincomplexideasmuchbetterthanthousandsofwords. Thisbookisdedicatedtomywife,AnetteS. Berlin,Germany ChristianE.W.Steinberg Contents 1 AquaticAnimalNutrition:Organic Macro-andMicronutrients—‘DoBlindMenandTheirElephant GetWetFeet?’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2 ProteinRequirement—‘OnlyMeatMakesYouStrong’. . . . . . . . . . 11 2.1 Requirement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.2 AminoAcidLandscapes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2.3 Nutrient-SpecificForaging. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.4 ConcludingRemarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 3 UtilizationofProteinaceousNutrients—‘BecomingStrong withMeat’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 3.1 Invertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.1.1 Crustaceans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 3.1.2 Mollusks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 3.1.3 Echinoderms. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . 45 3.2 Fishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 3.2.1 ProteinConsumptionDuringOntogenesis. . . . . . . . . 48 3.2.2 DietaryProteinExcess. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 3.3 ConcludingRemarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4 PeptidesorAminoAcids?—‘TheSmaller,theBetter?’. . . . . . . . . . 61 4.1 AminoAcidandPeptideSensing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.2 AminoAcidsVersusOligopeptides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4.2.1 Invertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.2.2 Fishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.3 Dipeptides,Health,andStressResistance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.4 ConcludingRemarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 vii viii Contents 5 AminoAcidFunctionandRequirement—‘MorethanEasyFuel’. . 79 5.1 Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 5.1.1 AppetiteandGrowthRegulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 5.1.2 Methyl-DonatingAminoAcidsandMicroRNAs. . . . 86 5.2 Requirement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.2.1 Invertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 5.2.2 Fishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 5.3 ConcludingRemarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 6 SimpleAminoAcids:Gly,Ala,Asp,Gln—‘PureEasyFuel?’. . . . 107 6.1 GlycineandAlanine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 6.2 Asparagine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 6.3 GlutamineandGlutamate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 6.4 ConcludingRemark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 7 TheVersatileAminoAcid:Tryptophan—‘MoreControlling thanFueling’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 7.1 Requirement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 7.2 StressToleranceandBehavior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 7.2.1 Fishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 7.2.2 Invertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 7.3 ConcludingRemarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 8 ABunchofAminoAcids:Phe,Tyr,Branched-ChainAAs, SerandThr—‘MuchMorethanEasyFuel’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 8.1 PhenylalanineandTyrosine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 8.1.1 Phenylalanine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 8.1.2 Tyrosine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 8.2 Branched-ChainAminoAcids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 8.2.1 LeucineandIsoleucine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 8.2.2 Valine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 8.2.3 Antagonism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 8.3 Serine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 8.4 Threonine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 8.5 ConcludingRemarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 9 SulfurAminoAcids—‘MuchMorethanEasyFuel’. . . . . . . . . . . . 163 9.1 Methionine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 9.1.1 Invertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 9.1.2 Fishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174 9.2 MethionineHydroxyAnalog. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178 9.3 Cysteine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Contents ix 9.4 Cystine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 9.5 Ergothioneine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 9.6 Glutathione. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 9.7 ConcludingRemarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 10 BasicAminoAcidsandProlines—‘Again:MuchMorethanEasy Fuel’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 10.1 BasicAminoAcids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 10.1.1 Lysine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 10.1.2 Arginine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 10.1.3 Histidine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 10.1.4 BasicAminoAcidAntagonism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 10.2 ProlineandHydroxyproline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 10.2.1 Proline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 10.2.2 Hydroxyproline.. . . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . .. . . 209 10.3 ConcludingRemarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 11 Taurine—‘ControllingRatherthanFueling’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 11.1 TaurineBiosynthesisandPhysiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 11.2 TaurineandImmunity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 11.3 InteractionswithNutrients. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 11.4 ConcludingRemark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 12 NonproteinAminoAcids—‘FuelatAll?’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 12.1 L-Canavanine.. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . 243 12.2 L-Citrulline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 12.3 Mimosine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 12.4 γ-AminobutyricAcid(GABA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247 12.5 L-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine(L-DOPA). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 12.6 L-Carnitine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 12.7 L-Ornithine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 12.8 Cadaverine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 12.9 β-Alanine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 12.10 ConcludingRemarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 13 CarbohydrateswithEmphasisonGlucose—‘Life’s LittleLuxury’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 13.1 CarbohydrateDigestibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 13.2 CarbohydratesandImmunity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 13.2.1 Glucose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 13.3 Glucosensing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 13.4 Rhythmicity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 x Contents 13.5 ConcludingRemarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288 14 GlucoseHomeostasis—‘Life’sLittleLuxuryBalanced’. . . . . . . . . . 303 14.1 Homeostasis:Fishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303 14.1.1 MetalSupplementation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304 14.1.2 PhysiologicalDetails. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305 14.2 Homeostasis:Invertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 14.3 Regulation.. . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 314 14.3.1 Glycolysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 14.3.2 Gluconeogenesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314 14.3.3 Glycophagy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 14.4 ConcludingRemarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 15 GlucoseIntolerance—‘Life’sRealLuxury?’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329 15.1 Tolerance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 15.2 Intolerance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 15.3 FeedingHabitReevaluation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338 15.4 Impairments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 15.4.1 Antidotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 15.5 ConcludingRemarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343 16 CarbohydrateTransport—‘Life’sUsefulLuxuryDistributed’. . . . 349 16.1 IntestinalTransport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 16.1.1 Invertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358 16.1.2 Fishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359 16.1.3 TheMultipleFunctionsofGLUTs: ADouble-EdgedSword?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365 16.1.4 DisaccharideTransporter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368 16.2 ConcludingRemarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369 17 ProteinSparingbyCarbohydrates—‘Life’sUsefulLuxury’. . . . . . 377 17.1 SparingDetails. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 377 17.2 ConcludingRemarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386 18 CarbohydratePreferenceandMetabolism—‘Life’sLittle LuxuryDigested’. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393 18.1 Invertebrates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 18.1.1 Mollusks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395 18.1.2 Echinoderms. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . 396 18.1.3 Crustaceans. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397 18.2 Fishes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 18.2.1 Carnivores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

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