Table Of ContentAPPROACHING
SECOND
CSLI Lecture Notes Number 61
APPROACHING
SECOND
SECOND POSITION
CLITICS AND
RELATED PHENOMENA
EDITED BY
AARON L. HALPERN &
ARNOLD M. ZWICKY
CSLI Publications
Center for the Study of Language and Information
Stanford, California
Copyright ©1996
Center for the Study of Language and Information
Leland Stanford Junior University
Printed in the United States
00 99 98 97 96 54321
Library of Congress Cataloging-m-Publication Data
Approaching second : second position clitics and related phenomena /
edited by Aaron L. Halpern & Arnold M. Zwicky.
p. cm. - (CSLI lecture notes ; no. 61)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-57586-015-5.-ISBN 1-57586-014-7 (pbk.).
1. Grammar, Comparative and general-Clitics. 2. Order (Grammar)
3. Prosodic analysis (Linguistics) I. Halpern, Aaron, 1965- . II. Zwicky,
Arnold M. III. Series,
P288.A671996
415-dc20 96-2152
CIP
CSLI was founded early in 1983 by researchers from Stanford University, SRI Inter-
national, and Xerox PARC to further research and development of integrated theo-
ries of language, information, and computation CSLI headquarters and CSLI Publi-
cations are located on the campus ot Stanford University.
CSLI Lecture Notes report new developments in the study of language, information,
and computation. In addition to lecture notes, the series includes monographs,
working papers, and conference proceedings. Our aim is to make new results, ideas,
and approaches available as quickly as possible.
Contents
Preface vii
Introduction ix
1 Clitic Placement in European Portuguese and the
Position of Subjects 1
PILAR BARBOSA
2 Phonology and Syntax in the Interpretation of the
Tobler-Mussafia Law 41
JOSEP M. FONTANA
3 Wackernagel's Law and Unaccusativity in
Hittite 85
ANDREW GARRETT
4 Object Clitics in West Flemish 135
LILIANE HAEGEMAN
5 Deriving Wackernagel's Law: Prosodic and Syntactic
Factors Determining Clitic Placement in the
Language of the Rigveda 165
MARK HALE
6 Who's on First? Toward a Prosodic Account of P2
Clitics 199
HANS HENRICH HOCK
7 Deflniteness and Second Position Clitics in Straits
Salish 271
ELOISE JELINEK
8 The Functions of Split-Wackernagel Clitic Systems:
Pronominal Clitics in the Ngumpin Languages
(Pama-Nyungan family, Northern Australia) 299
PATRICK MCCONVELL
vi / CONTENTS
9 Second Position Clitic Pronouns in Old Spanish and
Categorial Grammar 333
CHIYO NISHIDA
10 Cliticization in Old English 375
SUSAN PINTZUK
11 Clitics in Serbian/Croatian: Comp as the Second
Position 411
LJILJANA PROGOVAC
12 The Placement of Serbo-Croatian Clitics: A Prosodic
Approach 429
VESNA RADANOVIC-KOCIC
13 Now That We're All Here, Where Do We Sit?
Phonological Ordering in the Vedic Clause-Initial
String 447
STEVEN SCHAUFELE
14 A Prosodic Account of Clitic Position in Ancient
Greek 477
ANN TAYLOR
15 A Note on Clitics and Prosody 505
JINDRICH TOMAN
16 The Balkan Slavic Nominal Clitics 511
OLGA MISESKA TOMIC
17 Second Position Clitics in Medieval Romance 537
DIETER WANNER
18 Clitics, Scrambling, and Head Movement in
Dutch 579
C JAN-WOUTER ZWART
Language Index 613
Name Index 617
Subject Index 621
Preface
The papers in this volume are concerned with second position (2P)
clitics and other sets of clitics which adopt potentially related distri-
butions. Many of the papers were presented July 10 and 11, 1993 at
the Workshop on Second Position Clitics at the 1993 LSA Linguistics
Institute, Columbus, Ohio. Others were solicited from the authors to
add to the range of languages and proposals covered by the volume.
The present book brings together a wide range of work on 2P and
related clitic systems, covering various languages, issues and theoreti-
cal approaches. One thing that excites us about this collection is the
fact that while many different approaches to the problems are pre-
sented, and different observations are emphasized, the proposals tend
to agree on the range/nature of the data to be covered. It is readily
possible to compare two proposals, or to consider the ways a certain
proposal is affected by additional data. Related empirical issues arise
in paper to paper, regardless of the (un)relatedness of the languages
in question, or the theoretical approaches. The studies are detailed
enough that they should provide a springboard for future research and
wide-ranging enough to reveal some of the similarities and differences
between languages. Inevitably, there are many important viewpoints
which are not represented, but we can no more list everyone who de-
serves mention than we can include them here.
The editors would like to thank the Department of Linguistics at
the Ohio State University for support for the original clitics workshop,
and the Ohio State Center for Cognitive Science and the Santa Fe
Institute for logistic support in the preparation of the manuscript. The
editors also thank Dikran Karagueuzian, Tony Gee, and Emma Pease
for their help with the typesetting and publication processes. Aaron
L. Halpern was supported during part of the project by a University
Postdoctoral fellowship from the Ohio State University, and additional
viii / APPROACHING SECOND
funding was provided by a University Professor grant from the Ohio
State University to Arnold M. Zwicky.
Aaron L. Halpern & Arnold M. Zwicky
Introduction
Although attempts to analyze clitics in terms of a theory of univer-
sal grammar were initially largely restricted to the behavior of clitics
of the Modern Romance variety, there has been a growing interest in
clitics which do not attach to a verbal host but rather to whatever
element happens to be in the appropriate position in the phrase. Sec-
ond position clitics of course are pronouns, auxiliaries and sometimes
other closed-class items which distinctively tend to appear as the sec-
ond element (word or constituent) in a clause, often, curiously, in lan-
guages which are otherwise characterized by great freedom of word
order. Other languages are found to have "special clitics" which are
not necessarily second in a clause but may a) be banned from being first
in a sentence (Old French, Old Italian, Bulgarian, perhaps Lummi, Old
Spanish on some accounts); b) immediately follow complementizers in
embedded clauses (Middle Dutch, Old English); c) appear (at least
sometimes) in second position of a domain smaller than the clause
(commonly the noun phrase, as for Ancient Greek indefinite articles
and possessive pronouns, or Bulgarian, Macedonian, Zoque, and Scan-
dinavian definite articles); or d) be characterized by the possibility of
appearing in some other consistent location which may be considerably
removed from the finite verb, as in Dutch and West Flemish.
Starting perhaps around 1985 there has been a sustained growth of
interest in such clitics. The empirical base, the notion that a general
theory of clitics might be possible within the theory of universal gram-
mar, and work on the mechanisms of UG all seem to have matured
sufficiently to engender a lot of interest in this topic. The papers in
this book represent some recent work in this wave of research, covering
a broad range of languages and theoretical approaches.
The rest of this introduction will seek both to provide a road map to
the book in terms of the major issues, both descriptive and theoretical,
which link the papers; and to offer a synthesis of some intriguing gen-
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