Antarctica and the Arctic Circle [2 volumes]: A Geographic Encyclopedia of the Earth's Polar Regions

885 Pages·2014·8.07 MB·English

by  Andrew Hund

Antarctica and the

Arctic Circle
This page intentionally left blank
A
NTARCTICA

AND THE
A C
RCTIC IRCLE
A Geographic Encyclopedia
of the Earth’s Polar Regions
Volume 1 : A–I
Andrew J. Hund, Editor
Copyright © 2014 by ABC-CLIO, LLC
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations
in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Antarctica and the arctic circle : a geographic encyclopedia of the
earthÊs polar regions / edited by Andrew J. Hund.
volumes cm
Includes index.
ISBN 978-1-61069-392-9 (hardback) · ISBN 978-1-61069-393-6 (ebook)
1. Polar regions·Encyclopedias. I. Hund, Andrew J. II. Title.
G587.A67 2014
910.911'03·dc23 2014012029
ISBN: 978-1-61069-392-9
EISBN: 978-1-61069-393-6
18 17 16 15 14 1 2 3 4 5
This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook.
Visit www.abc-clio.com for details.
ABC-CLIO, LLC
130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911
Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911
This book is printed on acid-free paper
Manufactured in the United States of America
C
ONTENTS
Volume 1
Preface , xi
Introduction , xv
Timeline , xxiii
Abandoned Arctic Islands , 1 Arctic Camel , 66
Adélie Penguin , 5 Arctic Circle , 67
Agreement on the Conservation of Arctic Council , 71
Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP), 8 Arctic Fox , 73
Alaska Native Claims Settlement Arctic Ground Squirrel, 75
Act (ANCSA) (1971), 10 Arctic Hare , 77
Aleuts/Unangax , 13 Arctic Haze , 79
Alexander I Island , 17 Arctic Loon , 81
Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI), 18 Arctic National Wildlife Refuge
Amundsen, Roald Engebrecht (ANWR), 82
Gravning (1872(cid:259)1928), 20 Arctic Observatories, 84
Amundsen(cid:259)Scott South Arctic Ocean, 87
Pole Station , 25 Arctic Redpoll , 90
Amundsen Sea , 26 Arctic Salmon , 91
Antarctic Circle , 28 Arctic Seabirds, 95
Antarctic Cruise Industry , 31 Arctic Shipping , 98
Antarctic Fur Seals , 32 Arctic Shrub Range Expansion , 100
Antarctic Ice Sheet , 35 Arctic Skua, 102
Antarctic Peninsula, 37 Arctic Tern , 104
Antarctic Programs and Arctic Territorial Claims and
Research Stations/Bases, 41 Disputes , 105
Antarctic Territorial Claims , 49 Arctic Wolf, 108
Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), 51 Arctic Woolly Bear
Arctic, Definitions of, 54 Caterpillar/Moth, 110
Arctic Air Pollution , 55 Arktisk Station , 111
Arctic and Antarctic Research Association of Polar Early Career
Institute (AARI), 57 Scientists (APECS), 112
Arctic Basin , 60 Atomic Detonations and Weapons in
Arctic Botany, 61 the Arctic, 114
v
vi | Contents
Aurora Australis, 116 Climate Change and Invasive Species
Aurora Borealis , 118 in the Arctic, 184
Auroral Substorm , 119 Climate Change and Permafrost, 187
Australasian Antarctic Expedition Climate Change in the Arctic , 189
(1911(cid:259)1914) , 121 Coastal Erosion , 193
Baffin Bay , 125 Colville River , 195
Barents Euro-Arctic Council (BEAC) , Common Raven, 196
127 Continental Shelf Claims in the
Barents Sea , 129 Arctic, 199
Bartlett, Robert „Bob‰ Abram Cook, James (1728(cid:259)1779), 204
(1875(cid:259)1946), 130 Cook, James, Voyages of , 206
Bearded Seal , 132 Crabeater Seal , 211
Bear Island ( BjŒrnŒya ), 134 Cryoconite Holes , 213
Beaufort Sea , 135 Cryoprotectorants , 215
Beaufort Sea Dispute, 137 Deception Island , 219
Belgrano II Antarctic Station, 139 Dinosaurs of Antarctica , 220
Bellingshausen Sea, 141 Dirck Gerritsz Laboratory, the
Beluga Whale , 142 Netherlands, 224
Benthic Community , 145 Discovery Expedition (1901(cid:259)1904) ,
Bering, Vitus Jonassen (1681(cid:259)1741), 226
147 Distant Early Warning (DEW) Line,
Bharati Research Station , 149 229
Blood Falls, Antarctica , 151 Dogs in the Arctic , 231
Bowhead Whale , 153 Dolgans , 238
Bransfield, Edward (1785(cid:259)1852), 155 Drifting Research Stations in the
British Antarctic Expedition Arctic Ocean, 240
(1910(cid:259)1913) , 156 East Antarctica , 245
British Arctic Expedition (1875(cid:259)1876) , East Siberian Sea , 247
161 Economic Growth in the Changing
Canadian Arctic Archipelago, 163 Arctic, 248
Canadian Arctic Expedition Ellesmere Island Ice Shelves , 251
(1913(cid:259)1918) , 168 Emperor Penguin , 253
Caribou , 170 Enets , 255
Cartography of the Arctic , 172 Environmental Concerns, Arctic
Chamisso Wilderness , 175 Mining Operations, 257
Chinstrap Penguin , 176 Eskimo Coast Disaster of 1885,
Chukchi , 177 259
Chukchi Sea , 182 Eskimo/Inuit Communal Houses,
Climate, Long-Range Investigation, 261
Mapping, and Prediction Eskimos , 262
(CLIMAP) Project, 183 Evenks, 266
Contents | vii
Evens, 270 Human Impacts and the Antarctic
Eyak, 272 Wilderness, 342
Farthest North, 277 Humpback Whale, 346
Farthest South , 278 Iceberg Monitoring and Classification,
First German North Polar Expedition 351
(1868), 280 Ice Cap, 353
Foxe Basin, 281 Ice Core Climatic Data Proxies,
Franklin Search Expeditions, 284 354
Franz Josef Land, 288 Ice Core Collection and Preservation
Gates of the Arctic National Park and Issues, 359
Preserve, 291 Ice Curtain, 361
Gauss Expedition (1901(cid:259)1903), 292 Ice Domes: Argus, Charlie, and Fuji
Gentoo Penguin, 294 (Valkyrie), 362
Geomagnetic Poles, 295 Ice Sheet, 364
Georg von Neumayer Station, Ice Shelf, 366
Neumayer Station, Neumayer III Ice Shelves of Antarctica, 368
Station, 299 Ice Worms, 376
Geospace, 301 Ilulissat Icefjord, 377
German Antarctic Expedition Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition
(1938(cid:259)1939), 303 (1914(cid:259)1917), 378
Gerritsz, Dirck (a.k.a. Dirck Indigirka and Kolyma Rivers,
Gerritszoon Pompor) (1544(cid:259)1608), 380
305 International Geophysical Year (IGY),
Grasshopper Effect , 306 382
GrayÊs Beaked Whale, 307 International Polar Years (IPYs),
Gray Whale , 309 386
Great Auk, 311 Inuit, 390
Greenland, 312 Inuit and YupÊik Concepts of „Ihuma‰
Greenland, U.S. Bases in, 317 and „Qanruyutet‰, 395
Greenland Ice Sheet, 318 Inuit Arctic Relocation, 396
Greenland Sea , 321 Inuit Concepts of „Naklik‰ and „Ilira‰,
Greenland Shark , 322 398
Grytviken, 324 Inuit Contribution to Polar
GwichÊin, 325 Exploration , 400
Gyrfalcon, 327 Inuit Language, 402
Hans Island Dispute, 329 Inuit Lawsuits over Climate Change,
Harp Seal , 330 406
Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration Inuit Qaujimajatuqangit, 407
(ca. 1890s(cid:259)1920s), 332 Inuit Worldviews and Religious
Herschel Island, 339 Beliefs, 408
Hooded Seal , 340 Ionosphere, Polar, 411
viii | Contents
Volume 2
Japanese Antarctic Expedition Meteorites in Antarctica , 479
(1910(cid:259)1912), 415 Microbial Survival, 481
Karakat, 419 Migration Waves of the Eskimo-Aleut,
Kara Sea, 420 483
Ket , 422 Musk Oxen, 485
Khanty, 423 Narwhal, 487
Khatanga, Lena, and Yana Rivers, 425 Narwhal Tooth, 489
King Penguin, 428 National Petroleum Reserve·Alaska
King Sejong Antarctic Station , 431 (NPR-A), 490
Klënova, Mariya Vasilevna Natural System of Wrangel Island
(1898(cid:259)1976), 433 Reserve, 493
Koryak, 433 Nenets, 494
Kosterkin, Tubyaku (1921(cid:259)1989), 435 New Siberian Islands, 498
Kotzebue, Otto von (1787(cid:259)1846), 437 Nganasan, 500
Lake Vostok, 441 Nimrod Expedition (1907(cid:259)1909), 504
Lambert Glacier , 443 Nordenskjold, Adolf Erik
Lapland Longspur , 444 (1832(cid:259)1901) , 506
Laponian Area , 446 Northeast Greenland National Park , 508
Laptev Sea, 447 Northeast Passage , 511
Lazarev, Mikhail Petrovich Northern Bottlenose Whale, 513
(1788(cid:259)1851) , 449 North Pole , 514
Lemmings , 451 Northwest Passage, 516
Lena Massacre of 1912 , 453 Northwest Passage Claims and
Leopard Seal, 455 Disputes, 519
Lincoln Sea Dispute, 457 Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI) , 521
Little Auk, 458 Novaya Zemlya, Nuclear Tests, 522
Lomonosov Ridge Claims, 460 Novaya Zemlya, Nuclear Tests,
Long-Finned Pilot Whale, 461 Environmental Legacy of, 524
Lost Patrol, 463 Nuclear Power in the Arctic, 525
Macaroni Penguin, 465 Nuclear Waste in the Arctic, 527
Mackenzie River , 466 Nuuk (Godthaab), 529
Malitsa , 468 Nuuk Ecological Research Operations
Mansi , 471 (NERO), 531
McMurdo Dry Valleys of East Ob, Pechora, and Yenisey Rivers, 533
Antarctica, 473 Operation Chrome Dome, 536
McMurdo Dry Valleys of East Operation Deep Freeze, 538
Antarctica, Biology of, 475 Operation Highjump , 542
Mesozoic Marine Reptiles of Operation Nanook, 547
Antarctica, 477 Operation Tabarin, 548
Contents | ix
Operation Windmill , 551 Sami, 629
Orca, 553 SANAE IV (South African National
Pacific Sleeper Shark, 557 Antarctic Expedition), 637
Paleoecology of Antarctica , 558 Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
Paulet Island, 561 (1902(cid:259)1904), 639
Peary, Robert Edwin (1856(cid:259)1920), 562 Sea Ice, 640
Permafrost, 564 Sealing and Antarctic Exploration , 642
Pink Snow, 566 Second German Antarctic Expedition
Pliocene Arctic Fossils , 568 (1911(cid:259)1912), 645
Polar Bear, 570 Sector Principle in the Arctic, 646
Polar Research Institute of China Selkup, 648
(PRIC), 573 Sermilik Station, 652
Polar Research Vessel Grönland, 575 Shackleton, Ernest (1874(cid:259)1922), 653
Poles of Inaccessibility, 576 Shackleton(cid:259)Rowett Expedition
Project Iceworm, 577 (1921(cid:259)1922), 656
Protocol on Environmental Protection Siberian YupÊik, 658
to the Antarctic Treaty, 579 Smeerenburg , 660
Putorana Plateau, 581 Snow Bunting , 661
Pykrete, 582 Snow Goose, 663
Radioactive Iodine (I-131) Human Snow Hill Island , 664
Experiments in Alaska, 587 Snowy Owl, 665
Radioactivity, 588 Sooty Albatross, 667
Radioactivity in the Arctic, 590 Southern Bottlenose Whale , 669
Rasmussen, Knud (1879(cid:259)1933), 591 Southern Elephant Seal, 670
Red-Throated Loon, 595 Southern Right Whale, 672
Reindeer Herding , 597 South Pole , 673
Ribbon Seal , 599 South Sandwich Islands, 675
Ringed Seal , 602 Space Weather , 677
Rock Art of Alta, 604 Sperm Whale, 679
Rocket Ranges in the Arctic, 605 Spotted Seal, 681
Rockhopper Penguin, 609 Subglacial Lake, 682
Rock Ptarmigan, 610 Sunken Soviet/Russian Nuclear
Ross, Sir James Clark (1800(cid:259)1862), 612 Submarines in Arctic, 685
Ross Island, 614 Svalbard Archipelago, 687
Ross Island, Historic Huts of , 615 Swedish Antarctic Expedition
Ross Sea, 616 (1901(cid:259)1903), 690
Ross Seal, 618 Swedish Polar Research Secretariat, 693
Ross Sea Party (1914(cid:259)1917), 620 Terra Australis Incognita, 697
Russian Antarctic Expedition Three-Pole Concept, 700
(1819(cid:259)1821), 622 Thule Air Base, Greenland, B52G
Salmon Shark, 627 Stratofortress Crash of 1968, 702