Antarctic Environmental Monitoring Handbook - Comnap

218 Pages·2000·1.19 MB·English

Antarctic

Environmental Monitoring

Handbook

Council of Managers of Scientific Committee on
National Antarctic Programs Antarctic Research

Antarctic
Environmental Monitoring
Handbook

Standard techniques for monitoring in Antarctica

May 2000
Prepared by the

Geochemical and Environmental Research Group (GERG)
Texas A&M University
College Station
Texas USA

on behalf of COMNAP and SCAR

Published by the

Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programs (COMNAP)
and the
Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR)

Copyright © COMNAP Secretariat 2000

COMNAP Secretariat
GPO Box 824
Hobart Tasmania 7001
AUSTRALIA

Tel: [phone] Fax: [phone]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Foreword................................................................................................................... xi
List of Acronyms....................................................................................................... xiii
List of Figures........................................................................................................... xvii
List of Tables............................................................................................................. xix
SECTION A - ADMINISTRATIVE AND PRE-ANALYSIS ASPECTS OF
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
Chapter 1. Introduction
1.1 Purpose...................................................................................................................... 1-1
1.2 Handbook Preparation............................................................................................... 1-2
1.3 Choice of Indicators.................................................................................................. 1-3
Chapter 2. Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC)
2.1 Standard Operating Procedures................................................................................. 2-1
2.2 Standard Reference Materials................................................................................... 2-2
Chapter 3. Data Management
3.1 Data Administration.................................................................................................. 3-2
3.2 Data Control.............................................................................................................. 3-6
3.3 Data Utilization......................................................................................................... 3-7
3.4 Data Archive............................................................................................................. 3-8
3.5 Geographic Information Systems.............................................................................. 3-9
Chapter 4. Sample Collection, Handling, and Preservation
4.1 Wastewater................................................................................................................ 4-2
4.2 Marine and Freshwater.............................................................................................. 4-6
4.2.1 Discrete Water Sample Collection................................................................ 4-6
4.2.2 In Situ Sensors............................................................................................... 4-7
4.2.3 Ice and Through-Ice Sampling...................................................................... 4-8
4.3 Snow.......................................................................................................................... 4-8
4.3.1 Sampling Procedures..................................................................................... 4-9
4.3.2 Snowpits........................................................................................................ 4-10
4.3.3 Snowpit Sampling......................................................................................... 4-10
4.3.4 Stratigraphy and Physical Studies................................................................. 4-11
v
4.3.5 Snow Pack Depth.......................................................................................... 4-12
4.4 Sediments and Soils.................................................................................................. 4-12
Chapter 5. Station Performance
5.1 Station Performance.................................................................................................. 5-1
5.2 Aerial Photography................................................................................................... 5-2
SECTION B - ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
Chapter 6. Wastewater/Seawater/Freshwater
6.1 Total Suspended Solids (TSS).................................................................................. 6-1
6.1.1 Sample Preparation....................................................................................... 6-3
6.1.2 Sample Processing......................................................................................... 6-3
6.1.3 Calculations................................................................................................... 6-4
6.2 Dissolved Oxygen(DO)............................................................................................. 6-4
6.2.1 Modified Winkler Method............................................................................ 6-5
6.2.1.1 Sample Preparation........................................................................ 6-7
6.2.1.2 Sample Processing.......................................................................... 6-7
6.2.1.3 Calculations.................................................................................... 6-8
6.2.2 Membrane Electrode Method........................................................................ 6-8
6.3 Biological Oxidation Demand (BOD)....................................................................... 6-10
6.3.1 Sample Preparation....................................................................................... 6-11
6.3.2 Sample Processing......................................................................................... 6-11
6.3.2.1 Preparation of Dilution Water........................................................ 6-11
6.3.2.2 Dilution Water Check..................................................................... 6-11
6.3.2.3 Seeding Material............................................................................ 6-12
6.3.2.4 Use of DO Probe or Sensor............................................................ 6-14
6.3.3 Calculations................................................................................................... 6-14
6.4 Chemical Oxidation Demand (COD)........................................................................ 6-16
6.4.1 Open Reflux Method..................................................................................... 6-18
6.4.1.1 Sample Preparation and Processing............................................... 6-18
vi
6.4.1.2 Calculations.................................................................................... 6-19
6.4.2 Closed Reflux Method - #1 - Sample Preparation and Processing............... 6-19
6.4.2.1 Calculations.................................................................................... 6-21
6.4.3 Closed Reflux Method - #2 - Sample Preparation and Processing............... 6-21
6.4.3.1 Calculations.................................................................................... 6-22
6.5 Acidity....................................................................................................................... 6-22
6.5.1 Sample Preparation and Processing.............................................................. 6-23
6.5.2 Calculations................................................................................................... 6-23
6.6 pH.............................................................................................................................. 6-24
6.6.1 Sample Preparation and Processing.............................................................. 6-25
6.6.2 Calculations................................................................................................... 6-25
6.7 Conductivity.............................................................................................................. 6-26
6.7.1 Sample Preparation and Processing.............................................................. 6-27
6.7.2 Calculations................................................................................................... 6-28
6.8 Nitrate/Nitrite............................................................................................................ 6-29
6.8.1 Spectrophotometric, Cadmium Reduction Method....................................... 6-29
6.8.1.1 Sample Preparation........................................................................ 6-31
6.8.1.2 Sample Processing.......................................................................... 6-31
6.8.1.3 Calculations.................................................................................... 6-32
6.8.2 Autoanalyzer Method.................................................................................... 6-32
6.8.2.1 Sample Preparation........................................................................ 6-32
6.8.2.2 Sample Processing.......................................................................... 6-34
6.8.2.3 Calculations.................................................................................... 6-36
6.8.3 Portable Test Kits.......................................................................................... 6-36
6.8.4 Ion Selective Electrodes................................................................................ 6-37
6.8.5 Test Strips...................................................................................................... 6-38
6.9 Phosphate.................................................................................................................. 6-39
6.9.1 Sample Preparation....................................................................................... 6-40
vii
6.9.2 Sample Processing......................................................................................... 6-41
6.9.3 Calculations................................................................................................... 6-41
6.10 Temperature (T)........................................................................................................ 6-41
6.11 Coliform Bacteria...................................................................................................... 6-42
6.11.1 Sample Preparation and Processing.............................................................. 6-42
6.11.2 Calculations................................................................................................... 6-45
6.12 Phytoplankton............................................................................................................ 6-46
6.12.1 Sample Preparation....................................................................................... 6-46
6.12.2 Sample Processing and Calculations............................................................. 6-47
6.12.3 Modified Method for Chlorophylls and Carotenoids.................................... 6-49
6.12.3.1 Sample Preparation........................................................................ 6-49
6.12.3.2 Sample Processing.......................................................................... 6-50
6.12.3.3 Calculations.................................................................................... 6-50
Chapter 7. Snow
7.1 Metals........................................................................................................................ 7-1
7.1.1 Sample Preparation....................................................................................... 7-2
7.1.1.1 Acid Digestion Procedure for Furnace Atomic Absorption
(FAA) Analysis.............................................................................. 7-3
7.1.1.2 Acid Digestion Procedure for ICP and Flame AA Analyses......... 7-3
7.1.1.3 Total Metals Sample Preparation Using Microwave Digestion..... 7-3
7.2 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons................................................................................. 7-5
7.2.1 Sample Preparation....................................................................................... 7-6
7.2.2 Sample Processing......................................................................................... 7-6
7.2.3 Calculations................................................................................................... 7-7
7.3 Particulates................................................................................................................ 7-8
7.3.1 Sample Preparation and Processing.............................................................. 7-8
Chapter 8. Soils/Sediments
8.1 Grain Size.................................................................................................................. 8-1
8.1.1 Sample Preparation....................................................................................... 8-2
8.1.2 Sample Processing......................................................................................... 8-2
viii
8.1.3 Calculations................................................................................................... 8-4
8.2 Carbon Content ........................................................................................................ 8-4
8.2.1 Total Carbon (TC) ........................................................................................ 8-6
8.2.2 Total Organic Carbon (TOC)........................................................................ 8-7
8.2.3 Total Inorganic Carbon (TIC)....................................................................... 8-8
8.2.4 Calculations................................................................................................... 8-8
8.3 Metals........................................................................................................................ 8-9
8.3.1 Sample Preparation....................................................................................... 8-10
8.3.1.1 Acid Digestion Procedure for ICP, Flame AA, and Furnace AA
Analyses......................................................................................... 8-10
8.3.1.2 Total Metals Sample Preparation Using Microwave Digestion..... 8-12
8.3.1.3 Total Digestion of Sediment with Hydrofluric Acid for
Trace Metal Analyses..................................................................... 8-15
8.3.2 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spetrophotometry (GFAAS)............ 8-16
8.3.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICP)......................... 8-22
8.3.4 Cold Vapor Atomic Absoprtion Spectroscopy-Mercury (Hg)...................... 8-34
8.3.4.1 Sample Preparation........................................................................ 8-36
8.3.4.2 Instrument Analysis........................................................................ 8-36
8.3.5 Calculations................................................................................................... 8-36
8.4 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH)...................................................................... 8-40
8.4.1 Sample Preparation....................................................................................... 8-40
8.4.2 Gravimetry.................................................................................................... 8-41
8.4.3 Infrared Spectrophotometry.......................................................................... 8-41
8.4.4 Gas Chromatography..................................................................................... 8-42
8.5 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH)............................................................... 8-46
8.5.1 Sample Preparation....................................................................................... 8-46
8.5.2 Spectrophotometry........................................................................................ 8-48
8.5.3 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).................................... 8-56
8.5.4 Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS).................................... 8-62
Chapter 9. Bibliography
- Glossary of Terms
ix