Analysis of Arches

160 Pages·2014·48.63 MB·English

Analysis of Arches
by
Trupti Sonavane
B.Arch, Sir J.J College of Architecture, Mumbai, India, 2002
M.Arch, Virginia Tech, 2006
A thesis submitted to the
Faculty of the Graduate School of the
University of Colorado in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science
Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering
2014
This thesis entitled:
Analysis of Arches
written by Trupti Sonavane
has been approved for the Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering
Prof. Victor Saouma
Prof. George Hearn
Prof. Abbie Liel
Date
The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we find that both the
content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above
mentioned discipline.
iii
Sonavane, Trupti (M.S. Civil Engineering)
Analysis of Arches
Thesis directed by Prof. Victor Saouma
0.1 Abstract
The purpose of this thesis is to develop a preliminary guide for the analysis and design of
symmetrical circular arches.
In the context of the graduate curriculum that typically limits itself to rectilinear structures,
thisthesismakesanefforttoapplybasicprinciples(virtualworkandtheflexibilitymethod)towards
derivinganalyticsolutionsfordifferenttypesofelasticarches(reactionsandinternalforces). Tothe
best of our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive repository of such closed formed solutions.
To illustrate their application, the preliminary design of a concrete arch is reported. Furthermore,
analytical results are assessed to assist engineers gain a feel for arch behavior.
The study broadly covers semicircular arches. The analysis includes different loading as
well as support conditions that lead to statically determinate or indeterminate structural design
cases. Effects of unsymmetrical loading conditions on these structures are also briefly covered in
their analysis. The analytical solutions are derived with Mathematica, compared with reported
analytical solutions (when available),validated with SAP 2000 models and used through Matlab for
the design example.
Further,this design guide helps relate structural behavior of semicircular arches with their
geometry. Influence of aspects like span to - rise ratio on horizontal thrust, support reactions, and
forces across the span provides intuitive understanding of these structures. The study concludes
with simplified analytical solutions and preliminary design recommendations.
Dedication
Toallmyteacherswhohadinspired, challengedandguidedmeinfollowingthehardestpaths
in my life.
v
Acknowledgements
My deep gratitude goes to Dr. Victor Saouma for motivating me to follow my aspiration and
for his diligent guidance and help in completing this thesis work.
I also want to recognize the valuable advice provided by Dr. Abbie Liel and Dr. George
Hearn towards improving the work. I enjoyed working with my friend and fellow student Kyle
Prusinski and I appreciate his input in the preliminary design of arches.
To my husband, Rahul Mhaskar, who inspired and encouraged me to study structural en-
gineering and to my family and friends who provided their unconditional support, I am utmost
thankful.
Contents
Chapter
0.1 Abstract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
1 Introduction 3
1.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Literature Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Thesis Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 Evolution of Arch 8
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2 Historic Arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.1 Before 600 B.C.E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.2.2 Greek and Romans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.3 Medieval Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2.4 Geometric Forms of An Arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3 Elastic Arch Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.3.1 Developments (1400 -1900) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4 Modern Arches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.4.1 Geometry of Modern Arches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.4.2 Types of Modern Arches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
vii
3 Analysis of Elastic Arches 35
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1.1 Structure and Geometry of an Arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.2 Three-Hinged Circular Arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2.1 Analysis Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2.2 Point Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.2.3 Self Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2.4 Uniformly Distributed Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.2.5 Three-Hinged Circular Arch: Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.2.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.3 Two - Hinged Circular Arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.3.1 Analysis Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.3.2 Point Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.3.3 Self weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.3.4 Uniformly Distributed Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.3.5 Two-Hinged Circular Arch: Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.3.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.4 Hingeless Circular Arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.4.1 Analysis Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
3.4.2 Point Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.4.3 Self weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.4.4 Uniformly Distributed Load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.4.5 Hingeless Circular Arch: Validation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
3.4.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
3.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
viii
4 Preliminary Sizing of Circular Arch 115
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.2 Comparison: Parabolic and Circular Arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.2.1 Geometry of Parabolic and Circular Arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
4.2.2 Load calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4.2.3 Forces in Parabolic and Circular Arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.2.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.3 Preliminary Sizing of Circular Arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5 Summary 131
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.2 Comparative Analysis- Threes- Hinged, Two-Hinged and Hingeless Arch . . . . . . . 131
5.3 Rise-to-Span Ratio and Internal Stresses in Arches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
5.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
5.4.1 Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Bibliography 139
Appendix
A Mathematica’s 3D Plots 141
B Design Code 143
Tables
Table
1.1 Summary of the Structural Analysis Books, (Godoy, 2007) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1 Comparison of Parabolic and Circular Arch Rib Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.1 Analytical Equations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Figures
Figure
2.1 Corbelled Arch - False Arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 Arcuated Arch - True Arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 Geometry of True Arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.4 Roman Aqueduct - Pont du Gard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5 Roman Amphitheater - Colosseum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.6 Pointed Gothic Arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.7 Arabic Arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.8 Application of Statics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.9 Experimental Approach - Line of thrust in an arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.10 Analysis of an arch using funicular polygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.11 Analysis of Pillar supporting a semicircular arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.12 Typical failure of arches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.13 Typical failure of arches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.14 Location of fractures in arch bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.15 Analysis of bending curved bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.16 Two-Hinged Arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.17 Analysis of bending curved bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.18 Two-Hinged Arch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.19 The Salginatobel Bridge, Schiers, Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32