An Anthropological Reconnaissance in West Pakistan, 1955. With appendixes on the archæology and natural history of Baluchistan and Bahawalpur

468 Pages·2016·28.54 MB·English

by  Field H.

PAPERS
OF THE
PEABODY MUSEUM OF ARCHEOLOGY AND
ETHNOLOGY, HARVARD UNIVERSITY
VOL. LII
AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE
IN WEST PAKISTAN, 1955
With Appendixes on the Archceology and
Natural History of Baluchistan and Bahawalpur
BY
HENRY FIELD
PUBLISHED BY THE PEABODY MUSEUM
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS, U.SA.
572.97 1959
H339p
v.52
c.2
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PAPERS
OF THE
PEABODY MUSEUM OF ARCHEOLOGY AND
ETHNOLOGY, HARVARD UNIVERSITY
VOL. LII
AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE
IN WEST PAKISTAN, 1955
With Appendixes on the Archaeology and
Natural History of Baluchistan and Bahawalpur
BY
HENRY FIELD
PUBLISHED BY THE PEABODY MUSEUM
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS, U.SA.
1959
'U?:;;':n::i7 of FlOM lim
PRINTED BY THE CRIMSON PRINTING COMPANY
CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS, U.S.A.
PREFACE
MANY
people were directly or indirectly Department of Plant Protection, Dr. Nazeer
responsible for the success of the 1955 Ahmed Janjua, Deputy Director (Technical),
expedition to West Pakistan. Department of Plant Protection, Colonel A. B.
During the entire trip my wife accompanied A. Haleem, Rector, University of Karachi, Dr.
me as zoologist, recorder and photographer. M. A. H. Qadri, Professor of Zoology, Dr.
The excellent series of photographs, especially Ahmed Mohiuddin, parasitologist, Dr. A. R.
the portraits of the Baluchis and Brahuis, and Ranjha, Director, Zoological Survey of Paki-
the Kodachromes are the result of her ability stan; Turbat: Nawab Bhai Khan, Nawab of
and skill, often under the most difficult cir- Makran, Pirzada Faizullah Shah, District Com-
cumstances of trans-desert travel. missioner; Panjgur: Major Ghulam Sarwar,
To the following I owe special thanks for Commandant, Makran Militia, Captain Mo-
their interest, guidance and assistance in the hammed Hussain Bhatti, Wing Commander,
success of the expedition. Makran Adilitia, Mir Mahmud, brother of
Washington: Deputy Under Secretary of Sardar Sir Buland; Kalat: H. H. the Khane
State for Administration Loy Henderson, Azam, Khan of Kalat and President of the
Deputy Assistant Secretary of State for Near Council of Rulers, Major Saadullah Khan,
Eastern and South Asian Affairs Lampton Commissioner of Police, Baluchistan States
Berry, Officer in Charge, Pakistan-Afghanistan Union; Mastnng: Mr. G. N. N. Nunn, United
Affairs, Department of State, Mr. Nicholas G. Nations representative; Quetta: Major R. S.
Thacher, the Ambassador, Pakistan Embassy; Saker, Secretariat, Director of Meteorological
London: Marshal of the Royal Air Force Sir Service, Geophysical Laboratory, Divisional
John Slessor, Sir Clarmont Skrine, former Superintendent, North-Western Railway, Dr.
Governor, Kalat; Paris: General Lord Ismay, R. H. Charles, Mission Hospital, Mr. Mon-
former Secretary-General, NATO, Abbe forton, FOA representative; Bahaivalpur: H.
Henri Breuil, College de France, Mr. Harper H. Alhaj Sir Sadiq Mohammad Khan V
Kelley, Musee de VHoimne; Cairo: Dr. Harry Abbassi Bahadur, Nawab of Bahawalpur,
Hoogstraal, NAMRU-3; Dhahran: Mr. Fred- Alimartabat Abdur Rashid Khan, Adviser to
erick Davies, President, Arabian American the Ruler, Sardar Mohammed Rahim Khan
Oil Company, Mr. O. A. Seager and Mr. Don Legari, Chief of Police, Bahawalpur State, M.
Holm of ARAMCO; Bahrain Island: Sir A. Mufti, Assistant Secretary, Dr. S. Masud
Charles and Lady Belgrave, Mr. and Mrs. Max Ali, Assistant Director Health Services, Mr.
W. Thornburg, Professor P. V. Glob and Malik Nazir Ahmed, State Librarian, Mr.
Mr. T. G. Bibby; Karachi: Mr. Horace Hil- Chaudhry, Cholistan Development Officer,
dreth, U. S. Ambassador, and Staff of U. S. Mr. Fakhruddin Bailey, Publicity Office; Fort
Embassy, especially the Cultural Relations Deraivar: Captain Mahmud Bakhsh, Com-
Officer and Miss Megan Fernandez, Dr. Gar- mandant; Qaimpur: Sayyid Abdullah Shah.
diner Bump, U. S. Fish and Wild Life Service, Sources in the following Libraries were
Air Vice-Marshal Cannon, Brigadier Archer- consulted for references, particularly to
Shee, Office of U. K. High Commissioner, Baluchistan.
Major General Iskander Mirza, Mr:. H. S. London: British Museum (Natural History),
Suhrawardy, Minister of Law, the Ministry India Office, Institute of Archaeology, Uni-
of States and Frontier Region, especially versity of London, London Library, Royal
Mr. Faroughy and Deputy Secretary Mian Central Asian Society, Royal Geographical
Manzoor Mohammed, Mr. M. A. Sufi, As- Society, School of Oriental and African Stud-
sistant Private Secretary to the Prime Minister, ies, University of London; Paris: Musee de
Mr. Hassan Ah Abidi, Senior Engineer and PHomme; Karachi: Department of Archae-
Director FOA Projects, Baluchistan States ology, Government Departments; Quetta:
Union, Mr. Raoul Curiel, Director General of Geological Survey of Pakistan; Bahaivalpur:
Archaeology and Staff, especially Mohammed Sadiq Edgerton College, Government Depart-
Idris Saddiqi, Dr. Taskhir Ahmad, Director, ments; Cambridge: Peabody Museum, Wide-
AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE IN WEST PAKISTAN, 1955
nerLibrary; Washington:Library ofCongress, Government statistician, in Rome for granting
Department of Agriculture, Smithsonian In- permission to select statistical data on Baluchi-
stitution, U. S. National Museum; Coral stan and India; (d) Dr. Nazeer Ahmed Janjua,
Gables: University of Miami. Deputy Director, Pakistan Department of
As supplementary data 17 Appendixes have Plant Protection, for permission to include
been included in this study. Gratitude must be data on States and Provinces and on the cli-
expressed to the following for their contribu- mate and agricultural development of Baluchi-
tions: stan as well as his list of Insecta (Appendix
F. A. Khan, Pakistan Department of Archae- H); (e) Dr. Erwin Raisz for 9 maps based
ology, for his study and report on the pottery on my traverse notes, photographs by Mrs.
collected by the Expedition from Pasni to Field and the Aeronautical Charts; (f) Mr.
Quetta and along the Haqra River bed in William B. Jenna for redrawing figs. 8-19;
Cholistan, Bahawalpur; A. Ghosh, Director (g) Mr. David de Harport, Peabody Museum,
General of Archaeology in India, for permis- for the photographic prints and enlargements;
sion to include his archaeological survey along (h) Mr. Syed N. A. Z. Hussaini, Irrigation
the Ghaggar (Haqra) River bed from Bikanir Engineer, Quetta, for his observations on river
toward Bahawalpur; Abdul-Ghaffar, Pakistan links of the Indus Valley civilization placed on
Department of Archaeology, for translating ADIM No. 5200, pp. 78-92; and (/) Dr. A.
the ancient texts photographed by Mrs. Field Ghosh, Director General of Archaeology in
in Fort A-larot, Cholistan; Dr. Arthur Lover- India, New Delhi, for showing me a copy of
idge, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Har- the manuscript by Sir Aurel Stein on his
vard, for the identification of the Reptilia and archaeological reconnaissance along the Ghag-
Amphibia collected by the Expedition in Saudi gar-Haqra River in Bahawalpur and Bikanir.
Arabia, in Baluchistan, Sind and Bahawalpur; In London I was given a copy of this unpub-
Dr. Fritz Haas, Chicago Natural History Mu- lished text; this has been placed on ADIM No.
seum, for the list of shells collected by the 4861, pp. 1-194. Dr. Ghosh plans to publish
Expedition in Saudi Arabia, Baluchistan and this text after revision based on his recent dis-
Bahawalpur; Dr. W. L. Brown, Jr., Museum coveries along the Ghaggar, which completely
of Comparative Zoology, Harvard, for the alter the picture. However, my concern was
identification of Insecta collected by the Ex- to place on record Stein's observations on the
pedition in Saudi Arabia, Baluchistan and Sind; Haqra area from Fort Abbas to Fort Derawar.
Dr. M. H. Khan, Geological Survey of Paki- Dr. J. O. Brew, Director, Peabody Museum,
stan, Quetta, for a small representative series assisted with the planning of the expedition
of Brachiopoda from the Salt Range, West and granted every facility of the Museum. His
Pakistan; Dr. Thomas E. Bowman, U. S. Na- interest and encouragement proved a constant
tional Museum and Dr. P. A. Chappuis, Uni- source of inspiration.
versity of Toulouse, for identification of The manuscript was typed in Coconut
plankton taken by net off Bahrain Island; Grove by Mrs. Charlotte Weed and Mrs. Ir-
herbarium specimens from the Qatar Penin- ving Levine. Mrs. Weed also assisted with the
sula and the Trucial Coast of Oman by Ronald final checking of the text, the references and
Codrai; and animal brands in Cholistan sent illustrations.
by Mr. Chaudhry, Cholistan Development Mrs. Burton Stratton, who made a special
Officer. trip to Florida in order to assist in assembling
In addition, gratitude must be expressed to the final copy for the printer, saw the manu-
the following for their cooperation and assist- script through the press.
ance: (a) Professor William W. Howells, Special thanks are due to my wife, who
Harvard University, for his statistical com- generously assisted in the final revision and in
parison of the Baluchis and Brahuis and for his the selection of the collotype figures.
supervision of part of the computations in the
Statistical Laboratory, Peabody Museum; (b) Henry Field
Mrs. Natalie B. Stoddard, Miss Irma Pearson
and Mr. Newton Hooton for the anthropo- Coconut Grove, Florida
metric calculations; (c) Dr. Mario Cappieri, May 20, 1958
CONTENTS
PREFACE v Goats 41
INTRODUCTION Fodder 41
3
Poultry 41
CHAPTER
I 7 Dogs 41
The land 7 History 41
Geology 7 Population 44
Physical geography 8 Baluch 44
Rivers 12 Brahui 45
Districts and states of Baluchistan . . 14 Pathan 46
Quetta-Pishin District 14 Lasi 46
Loralai District 14 Jatt 46
Zhob District 15 Sayyids 46
Sibi District 15 Muslims 46
Chagai District 15 Non-tribal 46
Bolan Pass 16 Languages 46
Kalat State 16 Education 48
Kharan State 16
CHAPTER
Makran State 16 III 49
Las Bela State 17 Races, tribes and groups 49
Climate 17 Origin 49
Quetta-Pishin District . . . . 19 Divisions of population 50
Chagai District 21 Gichkis 50
Water Supply 21 Nausherwanis 50
Flora 22 Mirwaris 50
Agriculture 24 Bizanjaus 50
Field crops 25 Baluchis 50
Vegetable cultivation 26 Hots 54
Fruit culture 26 Jadgals 54
CHAPTER Kalmatis 54
II 29 Kattawars 54
Makran State 29
Kaudais 54
Origin of name 29
Lundis 54
Mountains 29
Rais 54
Rivers 31
Rinds 55
Kaps 32
Brahuis 55
Climate 33
Zikris 57
Water supply 33
Sangur 63
Flora 35
Shehzadas 63
Forests 35
Barrs 63
Bushes 35
Kashani 64
Grasses 35
Mullazais 64
Plants 35
Kenagizais 64
Agriculture 36
Inferior groups 64
Agricultural implements . . . . 38 Meds 64
Fruits 39
Darzadas 64
Vegetables 39
Loris 64
Dates 39
Servile dependents 65
Fauna 40
Khojas or Lotias 65
Camels 40
Horses 40 CHAPTER IV 66
Donkeys 40 The Baluchis 66
Cattle 40 Occupations 66
Buffaloes 40 Nomadism 68
Sheep 40 Dwellings 68
AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE IN WEST PAKISTAN, 1955
Dress 69 Hair 102
Food 69 Eyes 102
Manufactures 70 Eyebrows 102
Handicrafts 71 Browridges 102
Rugs 71 Nose 102
Leatherwork 71 Lips 102
Embroidery 71 Teeth 102
Pottery 71 Ears 102
Woodwork 71 Musculature 102
Games 71 Health 102
Pastimes 72 Infant mortality 102
Poetry 72 Disease and injury 102
Music 72 Anomalies 102
Marriage 72 Photographic analyses 103
Religion 74 Summary 103
Medicine 74 Statistical analyses of Baluchis . . . 103
Body-Marking 75 Stature 103
Tattooing 75 Sitting height 103
Henna 75 Head measurements and indices . . 103
Kohl 75 Facial measurements and indices 103
. .
Rules of honor 75 Nasal measurements and indices . . 104
Death 76 Statistical analyses 104
CHAPTER V .... 77 SuMmemaasruryements and indices... .... 110044
Traverses from Pasni to Quetta 77
38 Baluchis in Panjgur (B) 104
Pasni 77
Tribal groups 104
Pasni to Turbat (Map 1) . . . . 78 Age 104
Turbat 79
Morphological characters of Baluchis 104
Miri Fort .... 79 .
Face 104
Turbat to Mand (Map 2) 80
Tump Skin 104
83
Negro blood 104
Turbat-Hoshab (Map 3) .. .. .. .. 84 Mongoloid 104
Hoshab-Panjgur (Map 4) 84
Freckles 104
Panjgur ... 84 Moles 104
Excavations south of Panjgur 88
Hair 104
Surain-Damb .... 88
Eyes 104
PNaangjgtuorJtaongaNlag(Ma(pMa6p) 5) .... 8909 Nose 104
Teeth 105
Jangal to Surab (Map 7) 92
Lips 105
Surab to Kalat (Map 8) 93
Ears 105
Kalat 95
Musculature 105
Kalat to Kapoto 97
Health 105
Kalat to Quetta 98
Infant mortality 105
CHAPTER VI 101 Disease and injury 105
The physical anthropology of the Baluchis, Anomalies 105
Brahuis and miscellanea 101 Photographic analyses 105
Anthropometric methods and technique 101 Summary 105
The Baluchis 101 Statistical analyses of Baluchis . . . 105
34 Baluchis in Turbat (A) . . . . 101 Stature 105
Tribal groups 101 Relative sitting height 105
Age 101 Head measurements and indices . . 105
Morphological characters of Baluchis 101 Facial measurements and indices . .106
Face 101 Nasal measurements and indices . . 106
Skin 101 Statistical analyses 106
Negro blood 102 Measurements and indices . . . 106
Mongoloid 102 Summary 106
Freckles 102 13 Baluchis in Kalat (D) 106
Moles 102 Tribal groups 106
CONTENTS
bt
Observations and measurements . 106 Skin 110
Age 106 Negro blood 110
Morphological characters of Baluchis 106 Mongoloid 110
.
Skin 106 Freckles 110
Negro blood 106 Moles 110
Mongoloid 106 Hair 110
Hair 106 Eyes 110
Kohl 107 Nose 110
Photographic analyses 107 Teeth 110
Statistical analyses of Baluchis 107 Ears 110
.
Stature 107 Musculature 110
Weight 107 Health 110
Head measurements and indices . 107 Disease and injury Ill
Facial measurements and indices 107 Tattooing Ill
.
Nasal measurements and indices . 107 Kohl Ill
Measurements and indices 107 Anomalies Ill
The Brahuis 107 Photographic analyses Ill
65 Brahuis in Panjgur (C) 107 Summary Ill
Tribal groups 107 Statistical analyses of Brahuis . . .111
Age 107 Stature Ill
Morphological characters of Brahuis . 107 Head measurements and indices . . Ill
Face 107 Facial measurements and indices . . Ill
Skin 107 Nasal measurements and indices Ill
. .
Negro blood 107 Statistical analyses 112
Mongoloid 107 Measurements and indices . . . .112
Freckles 107 Summary 112
Moles 107 Comparison between 85 Baluchis and 151
Hair 107 Brahuis 112
Eyes 107 Miscellaneous series in Kalat (F) . . .113
Nose 108 Tribal groups 113
Lips 108 Raw data 113
Teeth 108 Baluchis and Brahuis at Mand (G) . .113
Ears 108 Baluchis 113
Musculature 108 Brahuis 113
Health 108 Comparative data 113
Disease and injury 108 Anthropometric data on Baluchistan . . 122
Deformation 108 34 Baluchis in Turbat (Group A) . . 122
Tattooing 108 38 Baluchis in Panjgur (Group B) . . 127
Branding 108 65 Brahuis in Panjgur (Group C) . . .131
Kohl 108 13 Baluchis in Kalat (Group D) . . .135
Anomalies 108 86 Brahuis in Kalat (Group E) . .137
Photographic analyses 108
Summary 108 CHAPTER VII 144
Statistical analyses of Brahuis . 108 Bahawalpur 144
Stature 108 The land and the people 144
Sitting height 109 Physical features 144
Head measurements and indices 109 Climate 147
.
Facial measurements and indices 109 Agriculture 148
.
Nasal measurements and indices . 109 Flora 149
Statistical analyses .... 109 Fauna 153
Measurements and indices 109 Mammals 153
Summary 109 Birds 153
86 Brahuis in Kalat (E) 109 Reptiles 153
Tribal groups 109 Amphibians 153
Age 110 Fishes 153
Weight 110 Insects 154
Morphological characters of Brahuis 110 Domestic animals 155
.
Face 110 History 156
AN ANTHROPOLOGICAL RECONNAISSANCE IN WEST PAKISTAN, 1955
Population 158 APPENDIX E: REPTILES AND AMPHIB-
Languages 159 IANS COLLECTED BY THE EXPEDI-
Religion 159 TION IN SAUDI ARABIA AND IN
Land tenure 159 BALUCHISTAN AND BAHAWALPUR,
Laborers 159 WEST PAKISTAN, by Arthur Loveridge 226
.
Moslem dress 159 APPENDIX F: SHELLS COLLECTED BY
Staple foods 159 THE EXPEDITION, by Fritz Haas 228
. .
Public health 159 APPENDIX G: INSECTA COLLECTED BY
Superstitions 160 THE EXPEDITION, by W. L. Brown, Jr. 229
Birth .... 160 APPENDIX H: INSECTS OF BALUCHI-
Magic, spells and charms 160 STAN AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION, by
Animals 161 Nazeer Ahmed Janjua 231
Travel 162 APPENDIX I: BRACHIOPODA FROM THE
Sacred trees 162 SALT RANGE 265
Death 162 APPENDIX J: PLANKTON FROM THE
Expedition traverses 162 PERSIAN GULF, by Thomas E..B.ow.ma.n,
Bahawalpur Town 163 P. A. Chappuis and H. Herbst 266
Bahawalpur Town to Dera Nawab APPENDIX K: PLANTS COLLECTED IN
Sahib 163 THE PERSIAN GULF, by Ronald Codrai 267
Dera Nawab Sahib to Fort Derawar 166 APPENDIX L: USEFUL PLANTS AND
Fort Derawar to Fort Abbas 168 DRUGS COLLECTED BY THE EXPEDI-
.
Fort Abbas to Bahawalpur Town 173 TION 268
.
Summary 176 APPENDIX M: GLOSSARY OF AGRICUL-
APPENDIX A: FRESH LIGHT ON THE TURAL IMPLEMENTS USED IN MA-
ANCIENT CULTURES OF BALUCHI- KRAN 269
STAN AND BAHAWALPUR, by F. A. APPENDIX N: DATE TREES IN MAKRAN 270
Khan 181 APPENDIX O: ANIMAL BRANDS IN
APPENDIX B: KARACHI TO THE INDUS, CHOLISTAN 274
by Henry Field 210 APPENDIX P: ETHNOLOGICAL COLLEC-
APPENDIX C: EXPLORATIONS IN BIKA- TION 276
NIR, by A. Ghosh 212 APPENDIX Q: MANUSCRIPTS MICRO-
APPENDIX D: MANUSCRIPTS FROM FILMED 277
FORT MAROT, CHOLISTAN, BAHA- REFERENCES 283
WALPUR, bv Abdul-Ghaffar .217 rNDEX 309
. . .
MAPS
(In pocket on inside back cover)
1. Pasni to Turbat. 6. Nag to Jangal.
2. Turbat to Mand. 7. Jangal to Surab.
3. Turbat to Hoshab. 8. Surab to Kalat.
4. Hoshab to Panjgur. Cholistan, Bahawalpur.
5. Panjgur to Nag.
LIST OF TABLES
....
Altitudes in Baluchistan 12 9. Distribution of Gichkis in Makran . . 50
Climatological data on Baluchistan . 18 10. Baluchi tribes ... 51
iYleteorological data recorded at Quet- 11. Brahui tribes of Baluchistan 55
ta, 1946-50 20 12. List of anthropometric abbreviations 122
Meteorological data recorded at Dal- 13-31. Baluchis in Turbat 122
bandin, 1946-50 20 32-48. Baluchis in Panjgur 127
Acreage and yield in Baluchistan, 1949 28 49-65. Brahuis in Panjgur 131
Chief crops in Makran .... 38 66-79. Baluchis in Kalat 135
Languages of Baluchistan 48 80-95. Brahuis in Kalat 137
Tribes of coastal and inland districts 96. Measurements and indices of 85
of Makran 49 Baluchis 141