Amino Acid Biosynthesis ~ Pathways, Regulation and Metabolic Engineering

418 Pages·2007·7.75 MB·English

by  Hiroshi Shimizu

5
Microbiology Monographs
SeriesEditor:Alexander Steinbüchel
MicrobiologyMonographs
Volumespublishedintheseries
InclusionsinProkaryotes
JessupM.Shively(Editor)
Volume1(2006)
ComplexIntracellularStructuresinProkaryotes
JessupM.Shively(Editor)
Volume2(2006)
MagnetoreceptionandMagnetosomesinBacteria
DirkSchüler(Editor)
Volume3(2007)
PredatoryProkaryotes–Biology,EcologyandEvolution
EdouardJurkevitch(Editor)
Volume4(2007)
Amino Acid Biosynthesis –
Pathways, Regulation
and Metabolic Engineering
Volume Editor: Volker F. Wendisch
With64Figures,6inColor
123
VolumeEditor:
Prof.Dr.VolkerF.Wendisch
InstituteofMolecularMicrobiologyandBiotechnology
WestfalianWilhelmsUniversityMünster
Corrensstr.3
48149Münster
Germany
e-mail:[email protected]
SeriesEditor:
ProfessorDr.AlexanderSteinbüchel
InstitutfürMolekulareMikrobiologieundBiotechnologie
WestfälischeWilhelms-Universität
Corrensstraße3
48149Münster
Germany
e-mail:[email protected]
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2006940356
ISSN1862-5576
ISBN978-3-540-48595-7SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
DOI10.1007/978-3-540-48596-4
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Preface
Amino acids are simple organic compounds containing at least one amino
and one carboxylic function. The L-α-amino acids and glycine can be con-
sideredbuilding blocksoflifesincetheyconstitutethebiopolymers proteins
in all organisms, but also D-isomers, e.g. D-alanine in bacterial cell walls,
and β- and γ-amino acids like β-alanine as component of vitamin B5 and
γ-aminobutyrateasneurotransmitteroccurinnature.Whilematureproteins
contain many different amino acids due to post-translational modifications,
only 22 proteinogenic L-α-amino acids are genetically encoded, i.e. they are
used for protein biosynthesis as amino acyl-tRNAs by the ribosome. Since
the deciphering of the genetic code for 20 amino acids about 40 years ago,
L-selenocysteine(Chambersetal.1986;Zinonietal.1986)andL-pyrrolysine
(Haoetal.2002; Srinivasanetal.2002)werediscoveredasthe21stand22nd
geneticallyencodedaminoacids.Theco-translationalinsertionofselenocys-
teine and pyrrolysine into nascent proteins requires unique cis- and trans-
actingfactorstorecodeUGAandUAGstopcodons,respectively,ascodonsfor
selenocysteine and pyrrolysine, respectively. The existence of further widely
distributed and genetically encoded amino acids is unlikely as suggested in
arecentbioinformaticanalysisoftRNAsencodedinabout150bacterialandar-
chaealgenomes(Lobanovetal.2006).TheessentialL-aminoacidsisoleucine,
leucine,lysine,methionine,phenylalanine,threonine,tryptophan,andvaline
cannotbesynthesizedbyhumans,buthavetosuppliedinthediet,andinfants
requirearginineandhistidineinaddition.Microorganismsdifferconsiderably
intheircapabilitiestosynthesizeaminoacidsdenovo,forexampleLeuconos-
tocmesenteroidesonlygrows,when16aminoacidsaresupplied,whilebacteria
likeEscherichiacoli,BacillussubtilisandCorynebacteriumglutamicumareable
tosynthesizeallaminoacidsdenovofromammonium.
This monograph deals with amino acid biosynthetic pathways and their
geneticandbiochemicalregulationononehandandwiththeuseandmetabolic
engineeringofmicroorganismsforbiotechnologicalproductionofaminoacids
onthe other. The current knowledge of amino acid metabolic pathways and
transportsystemsspecificforuptakeorexportofaminoacidsiscovered.
Thecharacterizationofthecontrolmechanismsofaminoacidbiosynthesis
haverevealed fundamental insights into genetic and biochemicalregulation.
Feedbackinhibitionofbiosyntheticenzymesbymetabolicend-products(e.g.
VI Preface
ofaspartatetranscarbamoylaseinthebiosynthesisofarginineandpyrimidines
by CTP), enzyme activity controlby covalent modification (e.g. adenylation
of glutamine synthetase), co-repressor dependent transcriptional repression
(e.g. by the tryptophan-activated repressor of the trp operon), and attenua-
tioncontrol(e.g.translation-mediated attenuationofthetryptophanbiosyn-
thetic operon)are integral partsof biochemistry, genetics and microbiology
textbooks.Recently,globalgeneexpressionanalysesalloweddeterminingthe
regulonsofanumberoftranscriptionalregulatorsofaminoacidbiosynthesis.
Moreover,thediscoveryofalysine-specific riboswitch(Sudarsanetal.2003),
anewclassofregulatoryelements, illustratesthatthecharacterizationofthe
regulationofaminoacidmetabolismcontinuestospurnewdiscoveries.
Aminoacidsareusedonthebasisoftheirchemicalcharacteristics,physi-
ologicalactivities,nutritionalvalueandtasteaschemicalbuilding blocks,as
pharmaceuticalsand,particularly,asfoodandfeedadditives.Thediscoveryof
C.glutamicumassuitablecatalysttoproducetheflavorenhancermonosodium
glutamate1957inJapanmarkedthebirthoftheaminoacidfermentationin-
dustry.Reportsonthebeginningsofmicrobialaminoacidproduction(Yamada
et al. 1972; Aida et al. 1986; Enei et al. 1989) and an up-to-date review of C.
glutamicum (Eggeling & Bott 2005) are available. In this monograph, recent
achievementstoenableortoimproveproductionofaminoacidsandofdipep-
tidesbyfermentationandenzymecatalysisarecomprehensivelyreviewedwith
aparticularfocusonmetabolicengineering, i.e.therationalimprovementof
acell’smetabolicfunctionsusingrecombinant DNAtechnology.Genomese-
quencing and post-genomics approaches to strain improvement for amino
acidproductionwillbecoveredastheirimpact,althoughalreadyquitevisible,
isexpectedtoincreaseconsiderablyinthefutureacceleratingthedevelopment
ofnewandmoreefficientbiocatalystsforaminoacidproduction.
We are grateful to the authors who contributed excellent chapters to the
volume Amino Acids – Pathways,Regulation and Metabolic Engineering. We
highly appreciate the expertise and enthusiasm devoted to their chapters.
Despitetheirmanyotherobligationsanddutiestheircomprehensiveoverview
chaptersweretimelycompleted.OurthanksalsogotoSpringerforpublishing
this monograph and especially to Christina Eckey and Jutta Lindenborn for
theirvaluablesuggestionsandsupport.
Münster,January2007 VolkerF.Wendisch
AlexanderSteinbüchel
Preface VII
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Contents
ProductionofGlutamateandGlutamate-RelatedAminoAcids:
MolecularMechanismAnalysisandMetabolicEngineering
H.Shimizu·T.Hirasawa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Thel-LysineStory:
FromMetabolicPathwaystoIndustrialProduction
C.Wittmann·J.Becker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
L-Threonine
M.Rieping·T.Hermann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
AromaticAminoAcids
G.A.Sprenger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Branched-ChainAminoAcids
M.Pátek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
MethionineBiosynthesis
inEscherichiacoliandCorynebacteriumglutamicum
R.M.Figge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
CysteineMetabolismandItsRegulationinBacteria
E.Guédon·I.Martin-Verstraete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
MicrobialArginineBiosynthesis:
Pathway,RegulationandIndustrialProduction
N.Glansdorff·Y.Xu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
l-SerineandGlycine
L.Eggeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Alanine,Aspartate,andAsparagineMetabolisminMicroorganisms
T.Oikawa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
X Contents
AminoAcidTransportSystems
inBiotechnologicallyRelevantBacteria
K.Marin·R.Krämer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
Occurrence,Biosynthesis,
andBiotechnologicalProductionofDipeptides
S.Hashimoto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
GenomesandGenome-LevelEngineering
ofAminoAcid-ProducingBacteria
H.Yukawa·M.Inui·A.A.Vertès . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
SubjectIndex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403