America's Military Adversaries: From Colonial Times to the Present

634 Pages·2001·6.2 MB·English

by  John C. Fredriksen

America’s Military Adversaries

America’s Military Adversaries
From Colonial Times to the Present
By John C. Fredriksen
B
Santa Barbara, California
Denver, Colorado
Oxford, England
Copyright © 2001 by John C. Fredriksen
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Fredriksen, John C.
America’s military adversaries : from colonial times to the present /
by John C. Fredriksen.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1-57607-603-2 (Hardcover : alk. paper); 1-57607-604-0 (e-book)
1. United States—History, Military—Dictionaries. 2. Enemies
(Persons)—Biography—Dictionaries. 3. Spies—Biography—Dictionaries.
4. Traitors—United States—Biography—Dictionaries. 5. Heads of
state—Biography—Dictionaries. I. Title.
E181.F83 2001
355'.00973—dc21
2001005293
06 05 04 03 02 01 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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This book is printed on acid-free paper I.
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Contents
Preface and Acknowledgments, ix
America’s Military Adversaries, 1
Aguinaldo, Emilio, 1 Buchanan, Franklin, 81 Forrest, Nathan Bedford,
Alexander, Edward Porter, 3 Burgoyne, John, 82 163
Alligator, 6 Butler, John, 86 Fraser, Simon, 164
American Horse, 7 Butler, Walter, 88 Frontenac, Comte de, Louis
Anabuki, Satoshi, 9 Campbell, Archibald, 90 de Buade, 167
Anderson, Richard Heron, 11 Canonchet, 93 Fuchida, Mitsuo, 169
Anderson, William, 14 Captain Jack, 95 Gage, Thomas, 172
Andre, John, 16 Carleton, Guy, 97 Galland, Adolf, 175
Arbuthnot, Marriot, 18 Cervera, Pascual, 100 Gallwitz, Max von, 178
Arnim, Hans-Jurgen, 21 Cixi, 102 Germain, George Sackville,
Arnold, Benedict, 24 Cleburne, Patrick Ronayne, 180
Arnold, Margaret, 26 105 Geronimo, 182
Ashby, Turner, 28 Clinton, Henry, 107 Giap, Vo Nguyen, 184
Bacon, Nathaniel, 30 Cochise, 110 Girty, Simon, 188
Balck, Hermann, 33 Cochrane, Alexander Gordon, John Brown, 191
Bär, Heinz, 35 Forester Inglis, 111 Göring, Hermann, 193
Barboncito, 37 Cockburn, Sir George, 114 Gorshkov, Sergei
Barclay, Robert Heriot, 39 Collier, George, 117 Georgievich, 196
Baum, Friedrich, 42 Cornplanter, 119 Grant, James, 198
Bayerlein, Fritz, 44 Cornstalk, 122 Graves, Thomas, 201
Bee, Barnard Elliott, 47 Cornwallis, Charles, 124 Grey, Charles, 203
de Bienville, Jean-Baptiste Le Coulon de Villiers, Louis, 128 Haldimand, Frederick, 206
Moyne, 48 Coulon de Villiers de Hamilton, Henry, 208
Bisshopp, Cecil, 51 Jumonville, Joseph, 129 Harvey, John, 211
Black Hawk, 53 Crazy Horse, 131 Hashimoto, Mochitsura, 213
Black Kettle, 55 Crittenden, George Bibb, 133 Hausser, Paul, 216
Blaskowitz, Johannes, 57 d’Iberville, Pierre Le Moyne, Heth, Henry, 219
de Bougainville, Louis- 135 Hill, Daniel Harvey, 221
Antoine, 59 Davis, Jefferson, 137 Hindenburg, Paul Ludwig
de Bourlamaque, François- Dieskau, Jean-Armand, 140 von, 223
Charles, 62 Dietrich, Josef, 142 Hindman, Thomas
Boyd, Belle, 64 Dönitz, Karl, 145 Carmichael, 226
Bragg, Braxton, 66 Drummond, Gordon, 148 Hitler, Adolf, 228
Brant, Joseph, 68 Dull Knife, 152 Hoke, Robert Frederick, 231
Breckinridge, John Cabell, 69 Evans, Nathan George, 154 Homma, Masaharu, 233
Brock, Isaac, 72 Ferguson, Patrick, 156 Hood, John Bell, 235
Broke, Philip Bowes Vere, 76 Fitzgibbon, James, 158 Howe, Richard, 237
Brooke, Arthur, 79 Floyd, John Buchanan, 161 Howe, William, 240
v
C
ONTENTS
Huger, Benjamin, 243 Morrison, Joseph Wanton, Riedesel, Friedrich Adolphus
Hussein, Saddam, 246 337 von, 430
Imboden, John Daniel, 249 Murray, John, 339 Roman Nose, 432
Jackson, Thomas J. Mussolini, Benito, 342 Rommel, Erwin, 434
“Stonewall”, 251 Nagumo, Chuichi, 344 Ross, Robert, 437
Jodl, Alfred, 253 Nana, 347 Rottenburg, Francis de,
Johnson, Guy, 255 Nishizawa, Hiroyoshi, 348 440
Johnson, John, 257 Norton, John, 351 Rundstedt, Gerd von, 442
Johnston, Joseph E., 259 Oconostota, 353 Sakai, Saburo, 445
Joseph, 261 O’Hara, Charles, 355 de Salaberry, Charles-Michael
Kamiakin, 263 Osceola, 357 d’Irumberry, 448
Karamanli, Yusuf, 265 Pakenham, Edward, 359 Sandino, Augusto, 450
Kato, Tateo, 268 Parker, Peter, 362 de Santa Anna, Antonio
Keitel, Wilhelm, 270 Parker, Quanah, 364 López, 453
Kesselring, Albert, 273 Pearson, Richard, 367 Sassacus, 456
Kim Il Sung, 275 Pecaudy de Contrecoeur, Satanta, 458
Kluge, Gunther Hans von, Claude-Pierre, 369 Secord, Laura Ingersoll, 461
278 Peiper, Jochem, 371 Senger und Etterlin, Fridolin
Knyphausen, Wilhelm von, Pelham, John, 373 von, 463
281 Pemberton, John Clifford, Sheaffe, Roger Hale, 466
Lee, Robert E., 283 375 Sherbrooke, John Coape,
Leisler, Jacob, 286 Peng Dehuai, 378 469
Leslie, Alexander, 289 Pepelyaev, Yevgenij, 382 Sibley, Henry Hopkins,
Levis, François-Gaston, 291 Percy, Hugh, 384 471
Little Turtle, 293 Pettigrew, James Johnston, Simcoe, John Graves, 473
Little Wolf, 295 387 Sitting Bull, 476
Logan, James, 297 Phillips, William, 389 Skorzeny, Otto, 478
Longstreet, James, 299 Pigot, Robert, 392 Smith, Francis, 481
Looking Glass, 301 Pillow, Gideon Johnson, St. Leger, Barry, 483
Loring, William Wing, 303 394 Stewart, Alexander, 486
Lovell, Mansfield, 306 Pitcairn, John, 396 Stuart, J.E.B. “Jeb”, 488
Ludendorff, Erich von, 308 Pontiac, 399 Student, Kurt, 490
Macdonnell, George, 311 Pouchot de Maupas, Pierre, Tall Bull, 493
Magruder, John Bankhead, 401 Tanaka, Razio, 494
313 Prevost, Augustin, 403 Tarleton, Banastre, 497
Mangas Coloradas, 315 Prevost, George, 405 Taylor, Richard, 500
Manteuffel, Hasso von, 317 Price, Sterling, 408 Tecumseh, 502
Manuelito, 320 Proctor, Henry, 411 Tenskwatawa, 505
McGillivray, Alexander, 322 Quantrill, William Clarke, Tojo, Hideki, 507
Merritt, William Hamilton, 413 Tokyo Rose, 510
324 Rain-in-the-Face, 415 Tryon, William, 512
Micanopy, 326 Rall, Johann Gottlieb, 418 Van Dorn, Earl, 515
Model, Walter, 328 Rawdon-Hastings, Francis, de Vaudreuil, Philippe de
Montcalm, Louis-Joseph de 420 Rigaud, 517
Montcalm-Gozon, Marquis Red Cloud, 422 de Vaudreuil, Pierre de
of, 331 Riall, Phineas, 425 Rigaud, 519
Montojo, Patricio, 334 Riedesel, Frederika, 427 Victorio, 522
vi
C
ONTENTS
Villa, Pancho, 524 Wildcat, 529 Yamashita, Tomoyuki, 534
Vincent, John, 527 Yamamoto, Isoroku, 531 Yeo, James Lucas, 537
Appendix A: Listing by Occupation, 541
Appendix B: Listing by Conflict, 544
Bibliography, 546
Index, 597
About the Author, 621
vii

Preface and Acknowledgments
A
persistent failing of American second- regulars to the Waffen-SS are all represented
ary education is its inability to impart to underscore the variety of opponents that
meaningful national history on to American forces have grappled with. But
young minds. Nowhere is this more pro- more than any other consideration, this book
nounced than in the realm of military history. is intended as a starting point for inquiring
Despite a bewildering variety of publications, minds. Each essay contains extensive biblio-
and burgeoning public interest in the topic, graphic references containing the latest and
young people usually have to wait until col- up-to-date scholarship on a given personality,
lege to encounter such courses, or head to the battle, or campaign. Special effort has been
public library and learn on their own. Given made to include writings by these same indi-
the centrality of warfare to human events, and viduals to facilitate that mind-to-mind contact
the dire necessity of understanding war in so essential to the historical process. Wher-
order to avoid it, this is a sorry lapse, indeed. ever appropriate, entries are cross-referenced
Moreover, the products available are not al- to other relevant biographies. Any name that
ways balanced in their treatment of battles appears in boldface type means that person
and foreign military leaders. Books abound is included in this volume, and separate sec-
on U.S. personalities, but those touching upon tions following most entries list cross-refer-
hostile commanders are either nonexistent or ences. It thus becomes possible to research
so sparsely covered that their utility is ex- and view a given battle or campaign from dif-
tremely limited. All told, this remains a less fering perspectives. In the interest of objectiv-
than salubrious situation, one scarcely ad- ity—a necessary prerequisite of intellectual
dressed by the reference materials extant. honesty—it takes two sides to tell a story.
America’s Military Adversariesis the first Like its forebear, America’s Military Adver-
reference book to discuss leaders that have saries exudes sufficient breadth and depth to
opposed the United States by military force— inform, enlighten, and, above all, stimulate re-
or other means. It has been specifically de- search on the lives and events chronicled.
signed to address reference deficiencies asso- Since its inception as a colony, the United
ciated with this topic and, in many respects, States has engaged in numerous wars of sur-
closely mirrors the philosophy of my earlier, vival and expansion. In the course of these con-
award-winning effort, American Military flicts, many leaders of the opposing side stand
Leaders(2 vols., ABC-CLIO, 1999). It was con- out as among the best and most talented of
ceived with a largely uninformed, high school their times. Be they Native American, Euro-
to undergraduate audience in mind and is de- pean, or Asiatic, these personalities usually
livered in nontechnical narrative prose. The mounted stout and memorable resistance. The
223 subjects covered represent a wide array victories we achieved over them or, in some in-
of disciplines within military history and are stances, the defeats we suffered at their hands
rendered in concise, uniform fashion for ease all constitute threads in the tapestry of our na-
of use and comprehension. Each essay pro- tional military experience. However, the exact
vides succinct background information, then number of these belligerent personalities is
highlights the person’s role or impact within large and would fill several volumes. Therefore,
the overall context of U.S. military history. my goal in writing this book was to assemble a
This could assume many forms. Present are working cross-section of all the significant lead-
generals, admirals, Indian chiefs, warriors, ers, as well as a host of lesser-known individu-
submarine captains, fighter pilots, and spies. als, who have opposed America by force of
Branches of service as diverse as Loyalist ir- arms. This is their story—and ours.
ix
P A
REFACE AND CKNOWLEDGMENTS
For nearly two and a half centuries, Amer- was successfully concluded. The British were
ica’s most constant military opponents were tough professional adversaries, but they usu-
the Native Americans. Despite varied origins ally subjected themselves to closely pre-
and languages, they were determined to de- scribed laws of war. The same cannot be said
fend their land against European expansion. for their Loyalist allies, for whenever Ameri-
A succession of capable chiefs, from Canon- cans fought Americans the result was usually
chet and Sassacus to American Horse and Lit- desperation and slaughter. In this respect the
tle Wolf, all tried and failed to stop their more American Revolution more closely resembles
numerous and technologically superior oppo- a civil war and all the animosity such contests
nents. In the course of these sporadic hostili- engender.
ties, both sides committed unspeakable atroc- With independence won, the new United
ities and should be condemned for such States became a player on the world stage, al-
deeds. Still, Amerindians of every variety did though lacking a major army or navy to pro-
not surrender their homeland peacefully, and tect its interests. The Barbary pirates of North
they fought with a tenacity and sacrifice that Africa were quick to sense such weakness,
is truly admirable. Collectively, they were for- and their rapaciousness stimulated the first
midable opponents. American military expedition abroad. Shortly
The French colonialists of Canada also after, the United States found itself embroiled
proved a force to reckon with. The noted in the War of 1812 against England—itself an
sailor D’Iberville was the terror of northern outgrowth of the larger Napoleonic conflagra-
Maine during King William’s War and Queen tion. Again, the badly trained and poorly led
Anne’s War, and his Gallic counterparts of the American levies were pitted against splendid
decisive French and Indian War like Levis, professionals—with predictable results. On
Bourlamaque, and the immortal Montcalm land, Isaac Brock remains hailed as the savior
also fought with distinction. Defeat does not of Canada, whereas the lesser-known but
diminish their well-deserved reputations for equally capable Gordon Drummond per-
bravery and technical competence. formed similar work against American forces
In 1775 the burgeoning American colonies, that were much better prepared. At sea, the
having dispensed with numerous Indian and Royal Navy was initially surprised by the vi-
French obstacles, finally coalesced into a new tality of the small but highly effective U.S.
country—the United States—and declared in- Navy. But within a year, Captain Philip Broke
dependence. This act brought them face-to- ended a string of American naval victories by
face with the redoubtable army and navy of capturing the USS Chesapeake. Shortly after,
Great Britain, which possessed highly trained, British army and naval forces under Admirals
rigorously disciplined soldiers and sailors. In George Cockburn and Alexander Cochrane
turn, they were led by some of the finest tacti- made their presence felt throughout Chesa-
cal minds of their age: Howe, Cornwallis, peake Bay—and even burned the U.S. capital.
Clinton, Parker, and Grey. Outnumbered but If anything, the War of 1812 underscored
almost never outfought, the vaunted redcoats America’s dire necessity for adopting rational
came very close to extinguishing a sometimes defense schemes and maintaining trained
clumsy American war effort through their un- forces that were second to none. It was a les-
paralleled battlefield prowess. In addition, the son painfully learned.
numerous professional German soldiers they Ironically—and tragically—America’s most
hired—the Hessians—were also worthy ad- bitter enemies came from among its own citi-
versaries when led by the likes of Gens. zens. The Civil War of 1861–1865 was eventu-
Knyphausen and Riedesel. Fortunately, U.S. ally suppressed, but it resulted in higher casu-
forces improved with experience, and the war alties than any other conflict in U.S. history.
x