Algal cultures, analogues of blooms and applications Volume 1

1012 Pages·2006·52.96 MB·English

by  D V Subba Rao

Algal Cultures Analogues
of Blooms and Applications
Volume 1
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Editor
D.V. Subba Rao
Bedford Institute of Oceanography
Dartmouth, NS
Canada
Science Publishers
Enfield (NH), USA Plymouth, UK
Photos of microalgal species
Front cover: Emiliania huxleyi a coccolithophore
(Credit: Dr. S.W. Jeffrey, CSIRO, Australia)
Color plate as frontispiece
1. Dinophysis norvegica 2. Biddulphia sp. 3. Thalassiosirasp.4. Pseudo-nitzschia pungens f. multiseries
5. Anabaena circinalis 6. Small volume cultures 7. Skeletonema costatum 8. Dunaliella tertiolecta,
9. Rhodomonas salina 10. Chaetoceros sp.
(Credits: #1. Dr. Rajashree Gouda # 2, 4. and 10. Subba Rao and # 3,5,6,7,8,9 Dr. S.W. Jeffrey)
Black and white plate on the reverse of frontispiece
1. Bacteriastrum sp . 2. Paralia sulcata 3. Chaetoceros lascinosum 4. Gymnodinium catenatum
5. Picoplankters 6. Naviculoid diatom 7. Ornithocercus magnificus 8. Cryptophyte 9. Dinophysis fortii
10. Planktoniella sol.
(Credits: #1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9,10 Dr. S.W. Jeffrey and #5 Subba Rao)
SCIENCE PUBLISHERS
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Algal cultures, analogues of blooms and applications / editors, D.V. Subba Rao.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p.).
ISBN 1-57808-393-1
1.Algae—Cultures and culture media. 2. Algal blooms. I. Subba Rao, D.V.
QK565.2.A438 2005
579.8--dc22 2005051701
ISBN (Set) 1-57808-393-1
ISBN (Vol. 1)1-57808-392-3
ISBN (Vol. 2)1-57808-394-X
© 2006, Copyright Reserved
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a
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on the subsequent purchaser.
Published by Science Publishers, Enfield, NH, USA
An imprint of Edenbridge Ltd.
Printed in India.
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Marine phytoplankters, the free-floating photosynthetic life, play a crucial
role in the production of oxygen and in food web dynamics in the seas. Their
diversity in taxonomy, morphology, size, and nutritional requirements
continue to fascinate biological oceanographers. The spatial and temporal
variations of algae are enormous. To obtain a steady supply of algae
for biochemical and physiological experimentation, it soon became
necessary to culture the algae under defined laboratory conditions.
Although studies on natural assemblages of marine phytoplankton and
laboratory cultured algae were initiated about the same time (1893), unlike
the former, culture studies did not progress till the 1960s as rapidly as one
would have wished.
Due to the development of tracer carbon-14 technique in 1952, interest in
studying marine micro algal cultures has been growing rapidly and many
unexpected and exciting discoveries have already emerged. Four examples
that involve marine micro algae may be cited: Discovery of photosynthetic
picoplankton, UV light and climate, Geoengineering and climate and
genetic engineering. New techniques have been developed in recent years
and rapid advances have been made relating measurements of primary
organic production of marine micro algae to their photosynthetic pigments,
evident from the plethora of papers and reviews published. In general,
principles of terrestrial plant physiology and biochemistry have been
extended to study the physiological ecology of marine micro algae.
Algal cultures are being used as excellent experimental materials to
model growth, nutrient kinetics, physiological ecology, pollution research,
phycotoxin research, remote sensing and climatic studies. However, most of
the cultures are isolated from temperate seas and very few from other
regions. It is to be noted that utility of algal cultures in tropics is mostly
limited mariculture and to species isolated elsewhere but not native to their
seas.
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Despite some differences, several similarities exist between the data
obtained on blooms and cultures. As a result of the ease with which some of
the algae can be cultured, considerable interest is currently evinced to
see if cultures could be used to gain insights to understand some of the
ecological principles such as species succession, periodicities, physiological
adaptations. Additionally, research is focused on the application of algae in
mariculture operations, marine biotechnology, in space research for waste
recycling systems, and as source of natural compounds such as antiviral
and antifungal compounds and pharmaceuticals.
Of the 5000 confirmed taxa of marine micro algae, about 300 species
contribute to blooms, both benign and toxigenic. More and more of novel
nuisance phytoplankton blooms are recorded and the connection between
their global expansion and human activities is actively sought. About 500
species, mostly from the temperate seas, are brought into culture and about
30 species are studied in considerable detail. A few important toxigenic
dinoflagellate taxa still baffle any attempts to culture. Needless to add that
research on algae will be actively pursued in the decades to come.
When Science Publishers, New Hampshire approached me to collate
and edit a volume on marine micro algae, I thought it would be useful to
broaden the range of topics and bring out a thematic volume with recent
developments in micro algal research. This book contributed by colleagues
from 14 nations encompasses numerous scientific disciplines. I tried to
involve serious researchers who have made excellent contributions on
marine micro algae. They were requested to incorporate the latest findings
specifically to address how best algal cultures can be utilized as analogues
of natural blooms, their utility in understanding the ecological principles
and their applications in biotechnology. Each chapter is contributed by
an expert or group of experts, reviewed internally by colleagues and by
outside referees as well. I am grateful to each of the contributors for their high
level of professional and scholarly efforts, cordial, and prompt cooperation
extended to me. I have gained from their efforts but the omissions and
commissions are mine. The scientific opinions expressed in this book are
those of the authors and not that of any institution.
This book is not intended to be a compendium of everything worth
knowing about marine micro algae given the fact that the knowledge base is
constantly expanding.
It is hoped that this volume will be useful to our colleagues in biological
oceanography as well as other scientists, advanced undergraduate and
graduate students as a summary of current thoughts in physiological
ecology.
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Special thanks are due to Dr. Shirley Jeffrey for the generous assistance with
most pictures of algae, and to Dr. Rajashree Gouda. My sincere thanks are
extended to Mr. Arthur Cosgrove, Technographics, Bedford Institute of
Oceanography, for his artistic skills in the design of the cover and the plates
of algae. For her infinite patience, excellent help with the formatting, corre-
spondence and unstinting support I am most grateful to my wife Bala T.
Durvasula.