Alcohol in Health and Disease

647 Pages·2001·5.53 MB·English

by  Dharam Agarwal

Alcohol
in Health
and Disease
edited by
Dharam P. Agarwal
University of Hamburg
Hamburg, Germany
Helmut K. Seitz
Salem Medical Center
Heidelberg, Germany
Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York Basel
•
TM
Copyright ©2001 by Marcel Dekker,Inc. All Rights Reserved.
ISBN: 0-8247-0533-5
This bookisprintedonacid-freepaper.
Headquarters
MarcelDekker, Inc.
270 MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY 10016
tel:[phone]; fax:[phone]
Eastern HemisphereDistribution
MarcelDekkerAG
Hutgasse4,Postfach 812,CH-4001 Basel,Switzerland
tel:[phone];fax:[phone]
WorldWideWeb
http://www.dekker.com
The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more
information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters address
above.
Copyright 2001byMarcelDekker,Inc. AllRightsReserved.
Neitherthisbook norany partmaybereproducedortransmitted inany formorbyany
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording,
or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publisher.
Current printing(last digit):
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
PRINTED INTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA
Preface
Alcoholuseandabuse,alcoholintolerance,alcoholdependence,andotheralco-
hol-relatedhealtheffectsaresomeofthemostchallengingpublichealthproblems
facing our modern-day society. The biochemical and pathological disturbances
observed in humans after acute and chronic intake of alcohol are exceedingly
complexandmanybiologicalandenvironmentalfactorsmayinfluencetheirout-
come. Both epidemiological and clinical studies have implicated the excessive
useofalcoholintheriskofdevelopingavarietyoforgan,neuropsychiatric,and
metabolic disorders. Family, twin, and adoption studies suggest that alcoholism
is familial, with a significant proportion attributable to genetic factors besides
cultural and familial environmental factors. Recent investigations have shown
that genetically determined variations in alcohol and acetaldehyde metabolism
may be responsible for individual and racial differences in acute reactions to
ethanol, alcohol drinking habits, and vulnerability to alcohol-related end-organ
damage. Research on the biomedical effects of alcohol intake, particularly with
respecttotheputativebenefitsofmoderatedrinkingonthecardiovascularsystem,
has attracted considerable attention in recent decades. Epidemiological studies
have consistently shown that light to moderate intake of alcoholic beverages is
associated with a reduced incidence of, and mortality from, coronary heart dis-
ease.
Keeping in tradition of the past Titisee Conferences on relevant scientific
issues, we organized an International Titisee Symposium on Health Effects of
Alcohol Intake, in Titisee, Germany, from December 9 to 12, 1999. Based on
issuescoveredatthesymposium,thisvolumeexaminesmultidisciplinarytopics
(molecular biochemistry, genetics, epidemiology, pathophysiology, neurobiol-
iii
iv Preface
ogy,aswellascardiovascularaspectsofalcoholuseandabuse.Thevolumehas
been compiled into six main parts.Part I deals with alcohol metabolism, genes,
andtheirpossibleroleinalcoholsensitivity,alcoholdrinkinghabits,andalcohol
dependence.InPartII,geneticandepidemiologicalconsumption-relatedmorbid-
ity are grouped. Part III deals with general health issues related to alcohol con-
sumption.PartIVcontainscontributionsrelatedtohepatic,metabolicandnutri-
tional disorders of alcoholism—in particular, alcoholic liver diseases. Part V
covers topics related to alcohol and cancer. Finally, Part VI contains papers re-
lated to alcohol and cardiovascular disorders, including the French paradox.
Weareconvincedthatthisvolumewillproveusefulnotonlytobasicscien-
tistsandphysiciansinterestedintheareaofalcoholismresearchbutalsotoclini-
cians,geneticists,pharmacologists,toxicologists,psychiatrists,biochemists,and
those involved in health-policy–making decisions.
We thank all the participants of the Titisee Symposium for making it a
scientificallyexcitingandsociallypleasantmeeting.WealsothanktheVolkswa-
gen–Stiftung, Hannover, Falk Foundation, Freiburg, and Merck AG, Darmstadt
for their financial support for organizing the Titisee Symposium. Last, but not
least,wethankthestaffofMarcelDekker,Inc.,fortheircooperationinbringing
out this timely volume.
Dharam P. Agarwal
Helmut K. Seitz
Contents
Preface iii
Contributors ix
PART I ALCOHOL METABOLISM, ALCOHOL SENSITIVITY,
AND ALCOHOLISM
1 Functional Polymorphism of Alcohol and Aldehyde
Dehydrogenases: Alcohol Metabolism, Alcoholism, and Alcohol-
Induced Organ Damage 1
Shih-Jiun Yin and Dharam P. Agarwal
2. Genes for Alcohol Metabolism and Alcohol Sensitivity: Their
Role in the Genetics of Alcohol Dependence 27
John B. Whitfield
3. Pharmacogenetic Relevance of Aldehyde Dehydrogenases 49
Dharam P. Agarwal
4. Alcohol Metabolism by Gut Flora: Metabolic, Pathogenetic, and
Clinical Implications 67
Mikko Salaspuro
v
vi Contents
5. Distribution of Alcohol Dehydrogenase in Human Organs:
Relevance for Alcohol Metabolism and Pathology 87
Xavier Pare´s, Susana E. Mart´ınez, Abdellah Allali-Hassani,
Emma Borra`s, Jaume Farre´s, S´ılvia Martras, Albert Rosell, and
Julia Vaglenova
PART II GENETIC ASPECTS OF ALCOHOL USE AND
DEPENDENCE
6. Genetics and Alcoholism: The COGA Project 103
Victor M. Hesselbrock, Tatiana Foroud, Howard Edenberg,
John I. Nurnberger, Jr., Theodore Reich, and John P. Rice
7. The Genetic Epidemiology of Alcoholism: Sex Differences and
Future Directions 125
Carol A. Prescott
8. The Dopamine D2 Receptor Gene and Alcoholism: Association
Studies 151
Ulrich Finckh
9. Biological Markers of Alcohol Use and Abuse in Theory and
Practice 177
Anders Helander
PART III GENERAL HEALTH ISSUES RELATED TO ALCOHOL
CONSUMPTION
10. Neurobiology of Alcoholism: Recent Findings and Possible
Implications for Treatment 207
Michael Soyka and Christian G. Schu¨tz
11. Neurodegeneration and Neuroadaptation in Alcoholism 225
Andreas Heinz and Karl Mann
12. Pathogenic Mechanisms in Alcoholic Myopathy 243
Victor R. Preedy, Junko Adachi, Sohail Ahmed, David Mantle,
Onni Niemela, Seppo Parkkila, Simon Worrall, and Timothy
John Peters
Contents vii
13. The Alcoholic Patient in the Perioperative Period 261
Tim Neumann, Michael Martin, and Claudia Spies
14. Alcohol and the Energy Balance: Is Alcohol a Risk Factor for
Obesity? 275
Paolo M. Suter
15. Recent Advances in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Alcohol Use
in Pregnancy 303
Ann P. Streissguth
16. Quality of Life in Alcohol-Misusing Subjects 325
Timothy John Peters and John Howard Foster
PART IV ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE
17. Hepatic, Metabolic, and Nutritional Disorders of Alcoholism:
From Pathogenesis to Therapy 335
Charles S. Lieber
18. Gut-Derived Bacterial Toxins (Endotoxin) and Alcoholic Liver
Disease 369
J. Christian Bode, Alexandr Parlesak, and Christiane Bode
19. Acetaldehyde and Liver Disease 387
Kalle Jokelainen
20. The Role of Kupffer Cells in Alcoholic Liver Disease 407
Carl M. Oneta
21. Retinoids and Alcoholic Liver Disease 427
Xiang-Dong Wang
22. Treatment of Alcoholic Liver Disease 453
Helmut K. Seitz and Tatjana Arslic
viii Contents
PART V ALCOHOL AND CANCER
23. Alcohol and Cancer: The Role of Acetaldehyde 473
Nils Homann
24. Alcohol and Gastrointestinal Cell Regeneration 493
Ulrich A. Simanowski and Helmut K. Seitz
25. Alcohol and Cancer of the Aerodigestive Tract 501
Hiromasa Ishii, Akira Yokoyama, Katsuya Maruyama, and
Shinzo Kato
PART VI ALCOHOL AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
26. Alcohol and Cardiovascular Diseases 517
Arthur L. Klatsky
27. Beverage Alcohol Consumption as a Negative Risk Factor for
Coronary Heart Disease: Biochemical Mechanisms 547
David M. Goldberg and George J. Soleas
28. Regulation of the Quantity and Quality of High-Density
Lipoproteins by Alcohol: A Review 573
Minna L. Hannuksela and Markku J. Savolainen
29. Alcohol, Lipoproteins, and the French Paradox 597
Michael H. Criqui
Index 611
Contributors
Junko Adachi Department of Legal Medicine, Kobe University School of
Medicine, Chuo-ku Kobe, Japan
Dharam P. Agarwal Institute of Human Genetics, University of Hamburg,
Hamburg, Germany
Sohail Ahmed Department of Neurochemistry, Regional Neurosciences Cen-
tre, Newcastle General Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, England
AbdellahAllali-Hassani DepartmentofBiochemistryandMolecularBiology,
Universitat Auto`noma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
Tatjana Arslic Department of Medicine, Salem Medical Center, Heidelberg,
Germany
Christiane Bode Department of Physiologyof Nutrition, Hohenheim Univer-
sity, Stuttgart, Germany
J. Christian Bode Department of Internal Medicine, Robert-Bosch Hospital,
Stuttgart, Germany
EmmaBorra`s DepartmentofBiochemistryandMolecularBiology,Universi-
tat Auto`noma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
ix