Table Of ContentAFRICA'S INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
AFRICA'S INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
The Dzplomacy of Dependency
and Change
ALI A. MAZRUI
Professor of Political Science, The University of Mt"chigan,
Ann Arbor
London
HEINEMANN
Ibadan Nairobi Lusaka
First published 1977 by Westview Press
Published 2019 by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
Copyright ©1977 by Ali A. Mazrui
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any
formor by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
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withoutpermissionin writing from the publishers.
Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only
for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Mazrui, Ali AI' Amin.
Africa's international relations.
Includes bibliography.
1. Africa—Foreign relations.
2. Africa—Politics and government—1960.
I. Title
DT3l.M375 327.6 77-595
ISBN 13: 978-0-367-02177-1 (hbk)
CONTENTS
Acknowledgements IX
PART ONE: THE GLOBAL CONTEXT
CHAPTER 1 Africa &: the International 1
Structure
Caste and Class in International Relations 4
Conclusions 17
CHAPTER 2 Africa &: International 20
Ideologies
The Birth of Liberal Capitalism 20
Race and Nationalism 25
Black Militancy and White Marxism 29
The Resilience of Tradition !15
Conclusion !17
CHAPTER3 Early Struggles against 41
Dependency: Nkrumah versus
de Gaulle
Exile and Return 42
Colonialism by Consent 46
Towards the Future 60
Conclusion 65
PART TWO: INTER-REGIONAL RELATIONS
CHAPTER4 Africa &: the Black Diaspora 68
Five Dimensions of Pan-Africanism 68
Black Australasia 69
How Real is Black Interdependence? 74
Towards a Black Commonwealth of Nations? 78
Conclusion 81
CHAPTER5 Mrica &: Western Europe 85
Captives of Culture 89
Science and Control 9!1
Power and Political Control lOS
The Political Economy of Dependency 107
Conclusion 112
CHAPTER 6 Africa 8c Asia 114
Gandhi and Africa 115
Nehru and Africa 117
The Yellow Paradigms 121
Conclusion 128
CHAPTER 7 Africa 8c the Middle East 1!\0
From the Slave Trade to Apartheid I !II
Towards Re-Africanizing North Africa 1!15
The Political Shrinking of the Sahara 1!18
Towards Economic Partnership 145
The Arab League and the OAU 150
Conclusion 15!1
CHAPTER 8 Africa 8c the USA 156
The USA and Southern Africa 164
Conclusion 172
CHAPTER9 Africa 8c the Soviet Union 175
Non-alignment and Ideological Competition 179
The Soviet Union and African Development 184
Angola and Afro-Soviet Relations 188
Conclusion 19!1
CHAPTER 10 Mrica 8c the United Nations 195
Nationalism and Internationalism: the Twins 196
Peace versus Human Rights 198
Towards Applying International Morality 200
Oil Power and the New World Body 208
Conclusion 211 '
PART THREE: THE GLOBAL ISSUES
CHAPTER 11 Race 8c Dignity 215
Class-Race Convergence 217
Race and Law 219
Familiarity and Contempt 224
The Role of International Action 226
Internal Confrontation 2!10
Conclusion 2!11
CHAPTER 12 Arms 8c Nationhood 234
The Challenge of Southern Africa 2!15
The Failure of Pan-Africanism 2!16
Internal Disorder 2!18
Military Expenditure 240
Disarmament and Development 242
CHAPTER 13 Population & Politics 246
Numericalism and World Order 247
Infant Mortality and Parental Immortality 251
Tribal Competition and Population Control 254
Electoral Engineering and Population Control 256
Conclusion 259
CHAPTER 14 Ecology & Culture 262
On Science and Commerce 26!1
On Morality and Concern 265
African Culture and Population Growth 269
Western Culture and African Resources 272
Non-alignment and Ecological Concern 275
Conclusion 277
CHAPTER 15 Towards the Year 2000: 280
A Conclusion
The Cold War as a Creative Confrontation 280
The Rise of Arab Power 28!1
OPEC as a Muslim Organization 285
The Future of Southern Africa 288
Problems of Cultural Dependency 290
Towards Transcending Economic ·Dependency 29!1
Class, Ethnicity and History 294
Conclusion !100
Index 302
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Most of the first draft of this book was written when I was Visiting
Fellow at the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace,
Stanford University. But before the manuscript went to press in its
final form two other institutions provided a base and support for the
book. These were the Institute for Development Studies at the
University of Nairobi and the Center for Afro-American and African
Studies, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. I am greatly indebted to
all three institutions for their support and encouragement.
The book itself was started at the invitation of Robert C. Markham
of Heinemann Educational Books, a long-standing friend from the
days when we were next-door neighbours at Makerere University,
Kampala. For part of the period when I was at the Institute for
Development Studies, Nairobi, in 1974, I lived in Bob Markham's
house and used his study to write certain chapters of this book.
James Currey and David Hill, also of Heinemann, were actively
involved in prodding me (with both charm and offers of concrete help)
to complete the manuscript. With such encouragement from friends
the work gathered momentum.
In its preparation the book knew a number of different typists
scattered across more than ten thousand miles. Specially involved in
the work were Jeanne Nickerson of Palo Alto, California, Penny
McMullen of Stanford, Vina Shah of Nairobi and Carol Katz of Ann
Arbor, Michigan. I am indebted to them all.
Over the years, Molly, my wife, has been intimately involved in all
my works in one way or another. But not until this book was she
drafted to type a chapter. The final versions of chapters 4 and.9 sent to
the publishers :were a credit to her newly acquired skill. But even more
fundamental has been her sustained interest and absorption in all my
writings-an articulate companionship which has helped to shape the
writer's intellect.
As for fellow political scientists who have given their time over the
years to discussing African international relations with me, I am
particularly indebted to Dr Yashpal Tandon of the University of Dar
es Salaam, Dr A. G. G. Git:tgyera-Pinycwa of Makerere Univers!ty,
Kampala, and to Dr Donald Rothchild of the l)niversity of California,
Davis. Chapter 12 in this book was co-authored with Dr Gingyera-
Pinycwa. I appreciate his permission to use it in this,way.
Ali A. Mazrui
