Table Of ContentPROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH
VOLUME 170
ADVANCES IN VASOPRESSIN AND
OXYTOCIN — FROM GENES TO
BEHAVIOUR TO DISEASE
EDITED BY
INGA D. NEUMANN
UniversityofRegensburg,Regensburg,Germany
RAINER LANDGRAF
MaxPlanckInstituteofPsychiatry,Munich,Germany
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List of Contributors
G. Aguilera, Section on Endocrine Physiology, Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute
of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
J.A. Amico, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh; Department of Medicine,
University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
R. Bachner-Melman, Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
J.S. Bains, Hotchkiss Brain Institute; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Calgary, AB, Canada
J.A. Bartz, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
T.A. Baskerville, Centre for Integrative Physiology, SBMS, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson
Building, George Square, Edinburgh, UK
Y. Ben-Ari, INMED-INSERM U29, Universite´ de la Me´diterrane´e, Marseille, France
A. Berko´, Department of Comparative Physiology, University of Szeged, Ko¨ze´pfasor, Hungary
G. Bornstein, Department of Psychology; Center for the Study of Rationality and Interactive Decision
Theory, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
C.W. Bourque, Center for Research in Neuroscience, Montreal General Hospital and McGill University,
Montre´al, Que´bec, Canada
S.Brauer,Johannes-GutenbergUniversityMainz,InstituteofBiochemistry,Becherweg,Mainz,Germany
C.H. Brown, Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago,
Dunedin, New Zealand
P.J. Brunton, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of
Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
H.-M. Cai, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
H.K. Caldwell, Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
L. Campbell-Wan, Department of Pharmacology, Organon Laboratories (a part of the Schering-Plough
Corporation), Newhouse, UK
C. Caquineau, Centre for Integrative Physiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Jichi
Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
C.S.Carter,TheBrain-BodyCenter,DepartmentofPsychiatry,UniversityofIllinoisatChicago,Chicago,
IL, USA
J. Chen, Section on Endocrine Physiology, Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of
Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
B. Chini, CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Cellular and Molecular Pharmocology Section, Milan, Italy
E. Choleris, Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
S. Ciura, Center for Research in Neuroscience, Montreal General Hospital and McGill University,
Montre´al, Que´bec, Canada
M. Craighead, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Organon Laboratories (a part of the Schering-
Plough Corporation), Newhouse, UK
G. Dayanithi, INSERM-U 583, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Hoˆpital St. Eloi, Montpellier,
Cedex, France
G.J.deVries,CenterforNeuroendocrineStudies,TobinHall,UniversityofMassachusetts,Amherst,MA,USA
v
vi
N. Devidze, Laboratory of Neurobiology of Behavior, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
D. Devost, Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
S. Di, Neurobiology Division, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New
Orleans, LA, USA
G. Domes, Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Zurich,
Zurich, Switzerland
A.J.Douglas,CentreforIntegrativePhysiology,SBMS,UniversityofEdinburgh,HughRobsonBuilding,
George Square, Edinburgh, UK
T. Durroux, Institut de Genomique Fonctionnelle, UMR5203-CNRS, U661-INSERM, Universite´
Montpellier I & II, Montpellier, Cedex, France
R.P. Ebstein, Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel;
S. Herzog Memorial Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel
M. Engelmann, Otto-von-Guericke-Universita¨t, Institut fu¨r Medizinische Neurobiologie, Magdeburg,
Germany
R.A. Fenton, The Water and Salt Research Center, Institute of Anatomy, University of Aarhus, Aarhus,
Denmark
C.F. Ferris, Department of Psychology, Center for Translational Imaging, Northeastern University,
Boston, MA, USA
S. Fink, Computational and Molecular Population Genetics (CMPG), Zoological Institute, University of
Bern, Bern, Switzerland
J. Flak, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
H.Funayama,DepartmentofMedicine,JichiMedicalUniversitySaitamaMedicalCenter,Saitama,Japan
H. Gainer, Laboratory of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke,
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
G.Gimpl,Johannes-GutenbergUniversityMainz,InstituteofBiochemistry,Becherweg,Mainz,Germany
J.L. Goodson, Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
R. Granot, Musicology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
A.J. Grippo, The Brain-Body Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago,
Chicago, IL, USA
G. Guillon, Institut de Genomique Fonctionnelle, UMR5203-CNRS, U661-INSERM, Universite´
Montpellier I & II, Montpellier, Cedex, France
G.I.Hatton,DepartmentofCellBiologyandNeuroscience,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,CA,USA
G. Heckel, Computational and Molecular Population Genetics (CMPG), Zoological Institute, University
of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
M. Heinrichs, Department of Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, University of Zurich,
Zurich, Switzerland
J.P. Herman, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
E. Hollander, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
K.J. Iremonger, Hotchkiss Brain Institute; Department of Neuroscience, Calgary, AB, Canada
S.-eIshikawa,DepartmentofMedicine,JichiMedicalUniversitySaitamaMedicalCenter,Saitama,Japan
S. Israel, Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
R. Jankord, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
Y. Kasahara, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Graduate
School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
K. Kasono, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
M. Kavaliers, Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
M. Kawamata, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Section for Studies on Metastasis, Chuo-ku,
Tokyo, Japan
vii
R. Khazipov, INMED-INSERM U29, Universite´ de la Me´diterrane´e, Marseille, France
A. Knafo, Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
J.B.Kuzmiski,HotchkissBrainInstitute,DepartmentofPhysiologyandBiophysics,FacultyofMedicine,
University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
F. La´szlo´, Institute of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Juha´sz Gyula Teacher Training
College, University of Szeged, Topolya sor, Hungary; Department of Comparative Physiology,
University of Szeged, Ko¨ze´pfasor, Hungary
F.A. La´szlo´, Department of Comparative Physiology, University of Szeged, Ko¨ze´pfasor, Hungary
H.-J.Lee,SectiononNeuralGeneExpression,NationalInstituteofMentalHealth,NationalInstitutesof
Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
G. Leng, Centre for Integrative Physiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Jichi Medical
University, Tochigi, Japan
E. Lerer, Department of Human Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
C. Llorens-Cortes, INSERM, U 691; Colle`ge de France; Universite´ Pierre et Marie Curie; 11 Place
Marcelin Berthelot, Paris, France
M. Ludwig, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
A.H. Macbeth, Section on Neural Gene Expression, National Institute of Mental Health, National
Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
C.P. MacSweeney, Department of Pharmacology, Organon Laboratories (a part of the Schering-Plough
Corporation), Newhouse, UK
M.Manning,BiochemistryandCancerBiology,UniversityofToledoCollegeofMedicine,Toledo,OH,USA
H.M. Marston, Department of Pharmacology, Organon Laboratories (a part of the Schering-Plough
Corporation), Newhouse, UK
N.A. McDonald, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
A. Meyer-Lindenberg, Central Institute of Mental Health, Mannheim, Germany
J.A. Miedlar, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
R.Milne,Department ofMolecularPharmacology,OrganonLaboratories (apartoftheSchering-Plough
Corporation), Newhouse, UK
H.B. Moeller, The Water and Salt Research Center, Institute of Anatomy, University of Aarhus, Aarhus,
Denmark
A.H. Molna´r, Institute of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Juha´sz Gyula Teacher
Training College, University of Szeged, Topolya sor, Hungary
F.Moos,Universite´ deBordeaux2,CNRSUMR5226,INRAUMR1286,UFRdePharmacie,Bordeaux,
France
J.-P. Mothet, Neuroscience Research Center, Inserm U862, Bordeaux, France; Universite´ Victor Segalen
Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
B. Mouillac, Institut de Ge´nomique Fonctionnelle, UMR5203-CNRS, U661-INSERM, Universite´
Montpellier I & II, Montpellier, Cedex, France
N.Naderi,NeuroscienceResearchCentre,ShaheedBeheshtiUniversityofMedicalSciences,Tehran,Iran
I.D. Neumann, Department of Behavioural Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Zoology, University of
Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
K. Nishimori, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Graduate
School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
Y. Noda, Department of Nephrology; COE Program for Brain Integration and its Disorders, Graduate
School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
S.H.R. Oliet, Neuroscience Research Center, Inserm U862, Bordeaux, France; Universite´ Victor Segalen
Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
viii
T.Onaka,CentreforIntegrativePhysiology,TheUniversityofEdinburgh,Edinburgh,UK;JichiMedical
University, Tochigi, Japan
A. Panatier, Neuroscience Research Center, Inserm U862, Bordeaux, France; Universite´ Victor Segalen
Bordeaux2,Bordeaux,France;De´partementdePhysiology,Universite´ deMontre´al,Montre´al,Que´bec,
Canada
M.C. Papadopoulos, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco,
CA, USA; Academic Neurosurgery Unit, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
A´ . Pa´rducz, Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of
Sciences, Temesva´ri krt., Hungary
D.W. Pfaff, Laboratory of Neurobiology of Behavior, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
R. Piet, Neuroscience Research Center, Inserm U862, Bordeaux, France; Universite´ Victor Segalen
Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
Q.J. Pittman, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine,
University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
S.W. Porges, The Brain-Body Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago,
Chicago, IL, USA
D.A. Poulain, Neuroscience Research Center, Inserm U862, Bordeaux, France; Universite´ Victor Segalen
Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
H. Pournajafi-Nazarloo, The Brain-Body Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at
Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
J. Presland, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Organon Laboratories (a part of the Schering-
Plough Corporation), Newhouse, UK
M. Reibold, Department of Human Genetics, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
J. Reitz, Johannes-Gutenberg University Mainz, Institute of Biochemistry, Becherweg, Mainz, Germany
I. Rojik, Department of Comparative Physiology, University of Szeged, Ko¨ze´pfasor, Hungary
M. Ruan, Centre forNeuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin,
New Zealand
M.G. Ruscio, Department of Psychology, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, USA
J.A. Russell, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Centre for Integrative Physiology, University of
Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
N. Sabatier, Centre for Integrative Physiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Jichi
Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
T. Saito, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
T. Saito, Department of Medicine, Jichi Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
S. Sasaki, Department of Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental
University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
R.W. Schrier, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO, USA
Y. Schwab, IGBMC-Centre d’Imagerie, Microscopie Electronique, Illkirch Cedex, France
E.M.Scordalakes,LaboratoryofNeurochemistry,NationalInstituteofNeurologicalDisorderandStroke,
NationalInstitutesofHealth,Bethesda,MD,USA;DepartmentofPharmacology,UniversityofTexas
Health Science Center of San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
V. Scott, Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, University of Otago, Dunedin,
New Zealand
I. Shalev, Brain and Behavior Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
R.Sharif-Naeini,CenterforResearchinNeuroscience,MontrealGeneralHospitalandMcGillUniversity,
Montre´al, Que´bec, Canada; Institut de Pharmacologie Mole´culaire et Cellulaire, Sophia Antipolis,
Valbonne, France
ix
C.D. Sladek, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Colorado at Denver and Health
Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA
Z.Song,DepartmentofPhysiologyandBiophysics,UniversityofColoradoatDenverandHealthSciences
Center, Aurora, CO, USA
T.J. Stachniak, Center for Research in Neuroscience, Montreal General Hospital and McGill University,
Montre´al, Que´bec, Canada
M.A. Steiner, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Neuroplasticity Group, Kraepelinstrasse, Munich,
Germany
S.Stoev, Biochemistry and CancerBiology, UniversityofToledoCollege ofMedicine,Toledo,OH,USA
R. Stoop, Centre for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center
Lausanne (CHUV), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Physiology, University of Lausanne,
Lausanne, Switzerland
S.Subburaju,SectiononEndocrinePhysiology,DevelopmentalEndocrinologyBranch,NationalInstitute
of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
Y. Takayanagi, Centre for Integrative Physiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK;
Department of Physiology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
J.G. Tasker, Neurobiology Division, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology; Neuroscience Program,
Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
D.T. Theodosis, Neuroscience Research Center, Inserm U862, Bordeaux, France; Universite´ Victor
Segalen Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France
F.J. Thomson, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Organon Laboratories (a part of the Schering-
Plough Corporation), Newhouse, UK
V.A. Tobin, Centre for Integrative Physiology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Jichi
Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
C.Trossen,Johannes-GutenbergUniversityMainz,InstituteofBiochemistry,Becherweg,Mainz,Germany
E. Trudel, Center for Research in Neuroscience, Montreal General Hospital and McGill University,
Montre´al, Que´bec, Canada
R. Tyzio, INMED-INSERM U29, Universite´ de la Me´diterrane´e, Marseille, France
F. Uzefovsky, Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
C. Varga, Department of Comparative Physiology, University of Szeged, Ko¨ze´pfasor, Hungary
A.H. Veenema, Department of Behavioural Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Zoology, University of
Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
A.S. Verkman, Departments of Medicine and Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA,
USA; Academic Neurosurgery Unit, St. George’s, University of London, London, UK
C. Viero, Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, Saarland University, Homburg/Saar,
Germany; Department of Cardiology, Wales Heart Research Institute, School of Medicine, Cardiff
University, Cardiff, UK
D. Viviani, Centre for Psychiatric Neurosciences, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center
Lausanne (CHUV), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
R.R. Vollmer, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
Y.-F.Wang,DepartmentofCellBiologyandNeuroscience,UniversityofCalifornia,Riverside,CA,USA
L.Watson,DepartmentofMolecularPharmacology,OrganonLaboratories(apartoftheSchering-Plough
Corporation), Newhouse, UK
S.R. Wersinger, Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, SUNY, NY, USA
C.T.Wotjak,MaxPlanckInstituteofPsychiatry,NeuroplasticityGroup,Kraepelinstrasse,Munich,Germany
P. Wrzal, Department of Pharmacology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
N. Yirmiya, Department of Psychology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
x
M. Yoshida, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Graduate
School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
L.J. Young, Center for Behavioral Neuroscience and Department of Psychiatry, Yerkes National Primate
Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
S. Young, Section on Endocrine Physiology, Developmental Endocrinology Branch, National Institute of
Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
W.S. Young, III, Section on Neural Gene Expression, National Institute of Mental Health, National
Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
C.Yue,LaboratoryofNeurochemistry,NationalInstituteofNeurologicalDisorderandStroke,National
Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
H.H. Zingg, Department of Pharmacology; Department of Medicine; Department of Obstetrics and
Gynecology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Preface
Therootsofneurohypophysialhormoneresearchcanbetracedbacktotheendofthe19thcentury,when
Ramon y Cajal, in 1894, described a neural pathway from the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus to
the posterior pituitary, and Oliver and Scha¨fer demonstrated blood pressure effects of neurohypophysial
extractsin1895.Thirtytofortyyearslater,theGermanbiologistsErnstandBertaScharrerpostulatedthe
existenceofspecializedneuronsinthehypothalamusofinvertebrates,aswellasvertebrates,whichformed
andsecretedcytoplasmicvesicles,comparabletothosefoundinperipheralsecretorycells.Finally,in1951
Wolfgang Bargmann and Ernst Scharrer demonstrated that vasopressin and oxytocin are synthesized in
neurons of the hypothalamus, specifically within the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, irrefutably
establishing the existence of the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system. These neurons are characterized
by their long axonal processes projecting to the posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis as a synonym),
where the nerve terminals form close contact zones with blood capillaries. Vasopressin and oxytocin are
transportedwithinneurosecretoryvesiclesalongtheseaxonstotheposteriorpituitaryandaresecretedinto
blood circulation upon appropriate stimulation.
Ever since this system was described in the fish brain, this well-defined and compact arrangement of
relativelylargeneuronsatthebaseofthebrainhasservedasthegoldstandardinneuroendocrinologyand
neuroscience. In 1952, Vincentdu Vigneaud isolatedtheneurohypophysial peptidesand,subsequently,he
andindependentlyRogerAcherelucidatedtheirchemicalstructureasaprerequisitefortheirsynthesis.As
a logical consequence of these discoveries, the physiological functions of vasopressin and oxytocin were
revealed in great detail, i.e. the antidiuretic and cardiovascular effects of vasopressin, and the promotion
of uterine contractions and of milk ejection by oxytocin, using posterior pituitary extracts or later
thesyntheticneuropeptides.Inconcertwiththehormonesreleasedfromthehypothalamustoregulatethe
adenohypophysialfunctions,theneuropeptidesofthehypothalamo-neurohypophysialsystemmediatethe
functional impact of the brain on complex processes related to physiological homoeostasis, metabolism,
growth, sexual and reproductive functions and stress coping to name but a few.
Aneweraofvasopressinandoxytocinresearchstartedintheearly1970s,whenDaviddeWieddescribed
the first behavioural effects of neurohypophysial neuropeptides and their fragments, thereby synergizing
the fields of neuroendocrinology and behavioural neuroscience. Shortly after, the description of
neurophysin-containing pathways, mainly originating in the hypothalamus and projecting to extra-
hypothalamic targets, added significant weight to a novel and emerging concept of brain vasopressin
and oxytocin systems, which were independently regulated from the activity of the hypothalamo-
neurohypophysial system.
Harold Gainer has described the hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system as a ‘‘veritable Rosetta stone
for neuroendocrinology and neuroscience’’. Indeed, outstanding neurobiological discoveries have been
founded on this neurobiological model system with big (i.e. magnocellular) neurons, which are easily
accessible, identifiable by electrophysiological, immunohistochemical or in situ hybridization techniques,
andlocalizedincompactandrelativelyhomogenousnuclei.Thus,overthelast40years,importantinsights
have been gained into the bursting pacemaker activity of neurosecretory neurons, the stimulus-secretion
coupling, the organization of neuropeptidergic pathways and local release patterns within the brain,
neuronal–glial interactive plasticity, the development of neuropeptide receptor antagonists and,
xi
xii
Vasopressin Neurohypophysis Oxytocin
Lineage Lineage Lineage
(cid:129)Bristol 1956
(cid:129)Montevideo 1959
(cid:129)Key Biscayne
1976
(cid:129) Nikko1979
(cid:129)Cambridge (UK) 1982
(cid:129) Aspen 1984 (cid:129) Lac Beauport 1984
(cid:129) Smuggler’s
Notch 1987
(cid:129)Hakone 1988
(cid:129)Copenhagen 1989
(cid:129) Montpellier
1990
(cid:129) Arlington 1991
(cid:129)Spa 1992
(cid:129)Hanover (NH) 1992
(cid:129) Berlin 1993
(cid:129) Stade 1995
WCNH 1 - Nasu 1995
WCNH 2 - Montreal 1997
WCNH 3 - Edinburgh 1999
WCNH 4 - Bordeaux 2001
WCNH 5 - Kyoto 2003
WCNH 6 - Steamboat Springs 2005
WCNH 7 - Regensburg 2007
Fig. 1. ‘‘Molecular pedigree’’ of neurohypophysial hormone conferences. This retrospective view is based on a previous WCNH
preface(Zingg,H.H.,Bourque,C.W.andBichet,D.G.(Eds.)(1998).VasopressinandOxytocin:Molecular,Cellular,andClinical
Advances.PlenumPress,NewYork,p.vi)andincorporatesinputsfromM.ManningandE.Frank.Theunderlyingoxytocinmolecule
hasbeenadaptedfromwww.medicalcomputing.net.
