Table Of ContentImpact and
Penetration Modeling
Advances in Ceramic Armor
Advances in Ceramic Armor
A collection of papers presented at the
29th International Conference
on Advanced Ceramics and Composites,
January 23-28,2005,
Cocoa Beach, Florida
Editor
Jeffrey J. Swab
General Editors
Dongming Zhu
Waltraud M. Kriven
Published by
The American Ceramic Society
735 Ceramic Place
Suite 100
Westetville, Ohio 43081
www.ceramics.org
Advances in Ceramic Armor
Copyright 2005. The American Ceramic Society. All rights reserved.
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ISSN 019 6-6219
ISBN 1-57498-237-0
Contents
......................................................
Preface ix
Impact and Penetration Modeling
.................
Some Observations on the Strength of Failed Ceramic .3
G.R. Johnson and TJ. Holmquist
..........
Modeling Dynamically Impacted Ceramic Material Experiments -11
B. Leavy, B. RicMer, and M.J. Normandia
........
Modeling Spherical Indentation Experiments onto Silicon Carbide .19
T. J. Holmquist
..
Analysis of Time-Resolved Penetration of Long Rods into Glass Targets .27
C.E. Anderson, Jr., IS. Chocron, and J.D. Walker
.........
A Constitutive Model for Damaged and Powder Silicon Carbide -35
S. Chocron, K.A. Dannemann, A.E. Nichdls, J.D. Walker, and C.E. Anderson
Designs and Simulations of Ballistic-Resistant MetaVCeramic
...........................................
Sandwich Structures .43
Y. Liang, R.M. McMeeking, and A.G. Evans
Considerations on Incorporating XCT into Predictive Modeling of
................................
Impact Damage in Armor Ceramics .51
J.M. Wells
......................
Failure Wave Propagation in Brittle Substances .59
M.A. Grinfeld, S.E. Schoenfeld, and T.W. Wright
.....
Fabrication and Simulation of Random and Periodic Macrostructures .67
R. McCuiston, E. kriel, R. Sadangi, S. Danforth, R. Haber, D. Niesz, and J. Molinari
V
Dynamic and Static Testing to Predict Performance
The Correlation of Microstructural and Mechanical Characteristics of
..........................
Silicon Carbide with Ballistic Performance .77
I. M. Pickup
High Strain Rate Compression Testing of Ceramics and
...........................................
Ceramic Composites .89
W.R. Blumenthal
Recent Advancements in Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB)
..........................
Technique for Small Strain Measurements .97
B.A. Gama, S.L. Lopatnikov, and J.W. Gillespie, Jr.
Compression Testing and Response of Sic-N Ceramics: Intact,
.........................................
Damaged and Powder ,109
K.A. Oannernann, A.E. Ndlls, S. Chowon, J.D. Walker, and C.E. Anderson, Jr.
......
Damage Effects on the Dynamic Response of Hot-Pressed Sic-N ,117
H.L uo and W. Chen
Effects of Porosity Distribution on the Dynamic Behavior of Sic ........ ,123
S.R. Martin and M. mOu
Effect of Room-Temperature Hardness and Toughness on the Ballistic
.............................
Performance of Sic-Based Ceramics .131
0. Ray, R.M. Flinders, A. Anderson, R.A. Cutler, and W. Rafaniello
The Penetration of Armor Piercing Projectiles through Reaction
.............................................
BondedCeramics 143
P.J. Hazell, S.E.D onoghue, C.J. Roberson, and P.L. GonS
The Effective Hardness of Hot Pressed Boron Carbide with Increasing
.................................................
Shockstress 151
C.J. Roberson, P.J. Hazel\, P.L. Gotts, I.M. Pickup, and R. Monell
.....
Hardness and Hardness Determination in Silicon Carbide Materials ,161
A. Rertdtel, 6. Moessner, and K.A. Schwetz
Damage Characterization: Observations, Mechanisms, and Implications
Sphere Impact Induced Damage in Ceramics: I. Armor-Grade
.................................................
SiCandTiB2 171
J.C. LaSahria, M.J. Nonandia, H.T. Miller, and D.E. MacKenzie
vi
Sphere Impact Induced Damage in Ceramics: 11. Amor-Grade
................................................
B4C and WC .183
J.C. LaSalvia, M.J. Normandia, H.T. Miller, and D.E. MacKenzie
.............
Sphere Impact Induced Damage in Ceramics: 111 Analysis ,193
J.C. LaSalvla, M.J. Normandia, D.E. MacKende, and H.T. Miller
A Comparison of Ceramic Materials Dynamically Impacted by Tungsten
.............................................
Carbide Spheres .203
M. J. Nomandia, S. R. Martin, D. E. MacKenzie, and 8. RlcMer
Non-Destructive Evaluation
...............
Ultrasonic Techniques for Evaluation of SIC Armor Tile .215
J.S. Steckentider, W.A. Ellingson, and J. Wheeler
....
Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) of Ceramic Armor. Fundamentals .223
R. Brennan, R. Haber, D. Nlesz, J. McCauley, and M. Bhardwaj
..........
Non-Destructive Evaluation (NDE) of Ceramic Armor: Testing .231
R. Brennan, R. Haber, 0. Nia,a nd J. McCauley
On Non-Destructive Evaluation Techniques for Ballistic Impact Damage in
..............................................
Armor Ceramics .239
J.M. Wells
Novel Material Concepts
....
Static and Dynamic Fracture Behavior of Layered Alumina Ceramics .251
2. He, J. Ma, H. Wang, G.E.B. Tan, D. Shu, and J. Zheng
........
Processing and Ballistic Performance of A120flB2 Composites .257
G.A. Gikle and J.W. Adams
Tactical Vehicle Armor Systems that Utilize Large, Complex-Shaped
.................................
Reaction Bonded Ceramic Tiles .263
M.K. Aghajanlan, B.E. Schultz, K. Kremer, T.R. Holmes, F.S. Lyons, and J. Meats
Means of Using Advance Processing to Eliminate Anomalous Defects on
...................................................
SIC Armor .271
C. Ziccardl, V. Demirbas, R. Haber, D. Nlesz, and J. McCauley
......
Ballistic Properties of Pressureless Sintered SiCmb Composites .279
H. Chu, T.M. Ullo, 8. Merkle, D.W. Balley, and M. Harrison
vii
Improved Ballistic Performance by Using a Polymer Matrix Composite
Facing on Boron Carbide Armor Ttles ............................. .287
S.O. Nunn, J.G.R. Hansen, BJ. Frame, and R.A. Lowden
.
Analysis of Scattering Sites in Transparent Magnesium Aluminate Spinel .293
G. Villalobos, J.S. Sanghera, 1.0. Aggmal, and R. Miklos
Authorlndex .................................................. 299
viii
Preface
The 29th International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites
marked the third year for the Topics in Ceramic Armor" session at this conference.
This session was created in 2002 to provide an annual forum for the presentation and
discussion of unclassified information pertaining to the development and incorporation
of ceramic materials for armor applications. It was hoped that this session would we-
ate an environment that fostered collabomtion between government, industty and aca-
demic personnel leading to the development of novel ceramic materials and concepts
for armor applications to protect our soldiers.
It is not surprising that this session has grown each year in light of the current
global threats facing our defense forces. This year approximately 150 people attended
the session which was comprised of over 60 oral and poster presentations covering a
wide range of ceramic amr-related topics. These topics included:
Impact and Penetration Modeling
Dynamic and Static Testing to Predict Performance
Damage Characterization: Obsefvations, Mechanisms, and Implications
Non-Destructive Evaluation
Novel Material Concepts
On behalf of the entire organizing committee I would like to thank all the
authors and presenters for their contributions to this effort. I extend my personal
thanks to the members of the organizing committee, Lisa Prokumt Franks, Jim
McCauley, Jerry LaSaMa, Scott Schoenfeld, Janet Ward, Dave Stepp and Andy
Wereszczak for their assistance in developing and organizing the session. Finally a
special ?hank you" goes to The American Ceramic Society staff who provided guideme
and administrative support to keep things running smoothly and effciently.
See you in 20061
Jeffrey J. Swab
ix
Advances in Ceramic Armor
Editor Jeffrey J. Swab
Copyright 0 2005. The American Ceramic Society.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE STRENGTH OF FAILED CERAMIC
Gordon R. Johnson
Network Computing Services, Inc.
P. 0. Box 581459
Minneapolis, Minnesota, 5541 5
Timothy J. Holmquist
Network Computing Services, Inc.
P. 0. Box 581459
Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55415
ABSTRACT
This article presents some observations on the stnngth of failed ceramic under conditions
of high-velocity impact. Included are results of recent computations that provide good
agreement with a variety of test data, as well as an explanation of the techniques used to
represent the damage and stnngth of the ceramic BS it transitions from intact to failed material.
For most of the examples noted in this article the damage and failed strength are determined
from impact and penetration computations, and are not measured directly fiom laboratory tests.
Some direct test data for failed ceramics have been generated and nporttd in the literature; they
tend to show a great deal of scatter, they tend to not cover the range of pressures and other
variables experienced during high-velocity impact and penetration, and they are generally not in
agreement with the corresponding data obtained from the computations. Some observations are
presented to explain some of these apparent discrepancies and to show the relative effects of
intact strength, failed strength and damage.
INTRODUCTION
Ceramics are very strong materials, especially in compression. They are well suited for
armor applications when subjected to high pressures during impact and penetration. It is
generally apedt hat ceramic materials exhibit strength after they are failed, and that this
strength is pressure dependent. There is not good general agreement, however, about the
magnitude of the strength of this failed material. This is due to the lnck of test techniques to
directly measure the strength of the failed material under the conditions (strain, strain rate,
pressure, temperature,p article size, shape, arrangement) of intmst There have been several
techniques used to determine the strength of the failed material, but for direct testing of failed
material the pressures are generally lower than those experienced in high-velocity impact and
penetration. Another approach has been to determine the strength of the failed material by
performing computations to match the results of penetration tests by using assumed strength
characteristics. This approach also hss its problems inasmuch 88 it requires an accurate
description of the intact strength, the damage model and the assumed form of the failed strength.
The computational algorithms (finite elements, meshless particles, slidingkontact) must also be
accurate. Sometimes the strength of the failed ceramic has been taken to be the only impottant
variable, but the stnngth of the intact material and tbe strength of the pattially damaged meterial
can also be important. This article presents computational results, test results for high-velocity
impact, test results for failed ceramic, togetha with some possible explanations for these data.
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