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Edited by
KUNAL PAL
SAMIT ARI
ARINDAM BIT
SAUGAT BHATTACHARYYA
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Contributors
JayaPrakashAllam DepartmentofElectronicsandCommunication
Engineering,NationalInstituteofTechnologyRourkela,Rourkela,
Odisha,India
ArfatAnis DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,KingSaudUniversity,
Riyadh,SaudiArabia
SamitAri DepartmentofElectronicsandCommunicationEngineering,
NationalInstituteofTechnologyRourkela,Rourkela,Odisha,India
B.Arya Bio-signalsandMedicalInstrumentationLaboratory,
DepartmentofBiotechnologyandMedicalEngineering,National
InstituteofTechnologyRourkela,Odisha,India
IndranilBanerjee DepartmentofBioscienceandBioengineering,Indian
InstituteofTechnology,Jodhpur,India
AnanyaBarui CenterofHealthcareScienceandTechnology,Indian
InstituteofEngineeringScienceandTechnology,Shibpur,India
DeeptiBharti DepartmentofBiotechnologyandMedicalEngineering,
NationalInstituteofTechnology,Rourkela,India
SaugatBhattacharyya UlsterUniversity,Londonderry,UnitedKingdom
M.Boreyko GlushkovInstituteforCyberneticsofNationalAcademyof
ScienceofUkraine,Kyiv,Ukraine
PranjaliBorkar MolecularMedicineLaboratory,Departmentof
Microbiology,AIIMS,Bhopal,India
I.Chaikovsky GlushkovInstituteforCyberneticsofNationalAcademyof
ScienceofUkraine,Kyiv,Ukraine
SumitChakravarty DepartmentofElectricalEngineering,Kennesaw
StateUniversity,Marietta,GA,UnitedStates
RashmiChowdhary DepartmentofBiochemistry,AIIMS,Bhopal,India
B.Dhananjay Bio-signalsandMedicalInstrumentationLaboratory,
DepartmentofBiotechnologyandMedicalEngineering,National
InstituteofTechnologyRourkela,Odisha,India
ZahraEmrani MedicalImageandSignalProcessingResearchCenter,
IsfahanUniversityofMedicalSciences,Isfahan,Iran
xi
xii Contributors
MahnazEtehadtavakol DepartmentofMedicalPhysics,Schoolof
Medicine;PoursinaHakimDigestiveDiseasesResearchCenter,
IsfahanUniversityofMedicalSciences,Isfahan,Iran
Yu.Frolov GlushkovInstituteforCyberneticsofNationalAcademyof
ScienceofUkraine,Kyiv,Ukraine
A.Kazmirchuk NationalMilitaryMedicalClinicalCenter“GVKG”,Kyiv,
Ukraine
ChenLiu SunYat-SenUniversity,Guangzhou,China
ManojaK.Majhi DepartmentofBiotechnologyandMedical
Engineering,NationalInstituteofTechnology,Rourkela,India
AnvitaGuptaMalhotra MolecularMedicineLaboratory,Departmentof
Microbiology,AIIMS,Bhopal,India
SatyapriyaMohanty DepartmentofCardiothoracicandVascular
Surgery,AllIndiaInstituteofMedicalSciences(AIIMS),Bhubaneswar,
India
SurajK.Nayak DepartmentofBiotechnologyandMedicalEngineering,
NationalInstituteofTechnology,Rourkela,India
I.Nedayvoda GlushkovInstituteforCyberneticsofNationalAcademyof
ScienceofUkraine,Kyiv,Ukraine
E.Y.K.Ng SchoolofMechanicalandAerospaceEngineering,Collegeof
Engineering,NanyangTechnologicalUniversity,Singapore,Singapore
KunalPal DepartmentofBiotechnologyandMedicalEngineering,
NationalInstituteofTechnology,Rourkela,India
AntonPopov ElectronicEngineeringDepartment,IgorSikorskyKyiv
PolytechnicInstitute,Kyiv,Ukraine
BikashK.Pradhan DepartmentofBiotechnologyandMedical
Engineering,NationalInstituteofTechnology,Rourkela,India
M.Primin GlushkovInstituteforCyberneticsofNationalAcademyof
ScienceofUkraine,Kyiv,Ukraine
SaeedMianQaisar ElectricalandComputerEngineeringDepartment;
CommunicationandSignalProcessingLab,EnergyandTechnology
ResearchCenter,EffatUniversity,Jeddah,SaudiArabia
ChavaliRavikanth DepartmentofBiotechnologyandMedical
Engineering,NationalInstituteofTechnology,Rourkela,India
HaiderRaza UniversityofEssex,Colchester,UnitedKingdom
DeepakK.Sahu DepartmentofBiotechnologyandMedicalEngineering,
NationalInstituteofTechnology,Rourkela,India
Contributors xiii
SaunakSamantray DepartmentofETC,IIITBhubaneswar,Odisha,
India
AnganaSarkar DepartmentofBiotechnologyandMedicalEngineering,
NationalInstituteofTechnology,Rourkela,India
PreetamSarkar DepartmentofBiotechnologyandMedicalEngineering,
NationalInstituteofTechnology,Rourkela,India
SarmanSingh MolecularMedicineLaboratory,Departmentof
Microbiology,AIIMS,Bhopal,India
J.Sivaraman Bio-signalsandMedicalInstrumentationLaboratory,
DepartmentofBiotechnologyandMedicalEngineering,National
InstituteofTechnologyRourkela,Odisha,India
N.PrasannaVenkatesh Bio-signalsandMedicalInstrumentation
Laboratory,DepartmentofBiotechnologyandMedicalEngineering,
NationalInstituteofTechnologyRourkela,Odisha,India
SlawomirWilczynski DepartmentofBasicBiomedicalSciences,
MedicalUniversityofSilesia,Katowice,Poland
1
Feature engineering methods
Anton Popov
ElectronicEngineeringDepartment,IgorSikorskyKyivPolytechnicInstitute,
Kyiv,Ukraine
1. Machine learning projects development
standards and feature engineering
FeatureEngineeringisasetofactionsdevotedtopreparation
ofthe rawdata collected from the objects under investigationto
theusebyalgorithmsofautomatedanalysis.Thestepsinfeature
engineering arethe following:
1. Exploratory data analysis and data preprocessing—
understanding the quality and quantity of the input data and
preparing it for further use.
2. Featureextraction—convertingtheavailabledataintodescrip-
tive features.
3. Feature reduction by either selection of useful features or
reducingthedimensionalityofthefeaturevectortokeeponly
the valuable featuresfor furtheruse.
Projects related to machine learning are being developed
according to common practices which are formalized in a form
of standards and frameworks. One of the most popular one is
called CRISP-DM [1]: cross-industry standard process in data
mining. It was developed in 1997, and since then it has a wide
application in many domains where machine learning is used
in data analysis for real applications. The CRISP-DM workflow
is presented in Fig. 1.
The process of machine learning model development starts
with understanding the business domain and formulating the
problemwhichshouldbesolved.Thisproblemisassociatedwith
dataandultimatelyshouldbesolvedusingthedataavailable.Then
starts the first stage of the Feature Engineering process: Data
Understanding and exploration. After the characteristics of data
areavailableanditisclearwhatitispossibletodowiththem,engi-
neersstartpreparingthedatafortrainingthemodels.Intermsof
AdvancedMethodsinBiomedicalSignalProcessingandAnalysis.https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85955-4.00004-1 1
Copyright#2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
2 Chapter1 Featureengineeringmethods
Fig.1 CRISP-DMprocess
diagram.Stagesoffeature
engineeringhighlightedin
green(grayintheprintversion).
(Forinterpretationofthe
referencestocolorinthisfigure
legend,thereaderisreferredto
thewebversionofthisarticle.)
FeatureEngineering,thestagesofdataprocessing,featureextrac-
tion and feature reduction are implemented and they constitute
theDataPreparationstage.Thenthefeaturesarereadyformodel
training and evaluation of their performance. This CRISP-DM
stage either finishes the process, if business goals are achieved,
oritrequiresanotheriterationofrequirementsclarificationfrom
thebusinessperspective,andthenwalkingthroughthedataprep-
aration,featureextractionandreduction,modeltrainingandeval-
uation. So, feature engineering is embedded in the standard
processofmachinelearningmodelsdevelopment,anddistributed
acrossitstwostages:DataUnderstandingandDataPreparation.
Same is valid for other existing data science project develop-
ment frameworks, such as KDD and SEMMA [2]—every project
hasthestagesrelatedtodataexploration,extractionandprepara-
tion of features.
2. Exploratory data analysis
Everyinvestigationofeitherasinglepatientvisitingthedoctor,
or a large cohort of multicentral clinical studies starts from col-
lecting a lot of raw data from participating subjects. This data is
