Table Of ContentStudies in Public Choice
Daniela Giannetti Bernard Grofman
•
Editors
A Natural Experiment on
Electoral Law Reform
Evaluating the Long Run Consequences of
1990s Electoral Reform in Italy and Japan
Editors
Prof. Daniela Giannetti Prof. Bernard Grofman
Department of Political Science School of Social Sciences
University of Bologna University of California
Strada Maggiore 45 Social Science Plaza 3151
40125 Bologna 92697 Irvine, California
Italy USA
[email protected] [email protected]
This work was supported by the Center for the Study of Democracy and the Jack W. Peltason Chair.
ISBN 978-1-4419-7227-9 e-ISBN 978-1-4419-7228-6
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-7228-6
Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London
© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011
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Acknowledgments
For more than a decade, the Center for the Study of Democracy (CSD) at the
University of California, Irvine (UCI), founded by Russell Dalton, has been spon-
soring cumulative research on comparative electoral systems. One of its signature
projects has been the set of five volumes and one journal mini symposium covering
the major (families of) electoral systems listed below, discussing the following top-
ics, respectively: the single nontransferable vote, the single transferable vote, mixed
member systems, list PR systems, runoff systems, and plurality systems. Each pub-
lication has been the end product of a CSD conference held at UCI or in another
country.
1. B. Grofman, Sung-Chull Lee, Edwin Winckler, and Brian Woodall (eds.),
Elections under the Single Non-Transferable Vote in Japan, Korea and Taiwan.
University of Michigan Press, 1999.
2. S. Bowler and B. Grofman (eds.), Elections under the Single Transferable Vote
in Australia, Ireland and Malta. University of Michigan Press, 2000.
3. M. Shugart and M. Wattenberg (eds.), Mixed Member Systems: The Best of Both
Possible Worlds? Oxford University Press, 2001.
4. B. Grofman and A. Lijphart (eds.), The Evolution of Electoral and Party Systems
in the Nordic Countries. Agathon Press, 2002.
5. B. Grofman, S. Bowler, and A. Blais (eds.), Minisymposium on Runoff Elections.
Electoral Studies, Vol. 27, 2008.
6. B. Grofman, S. Bowler, and A. Blais (eds.), Duverger’s Law in Canada, India,
the U.S. and the U.K. Springer-Verlag, 2008.
After the completion of its series of conferences on alternative voting methods,
CSD has continued to sponsor cutting-edge research on electoral systems. This
volume contains substantially revised versions of the papers prepared for a CSD
conference, “Evaluating the Long Run Consequences of 1990s Electoral Reform:
Comparing Italy and Japan,” held November 28–29, 2008, at the University of
Bologna. This conference was coorganized by Daniela Giannetti and Bernard
Grofman and jointly sponsored by CSD, the Department of Political Science at the
University of Bologna under grants from the Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di
Bologna, Fabio Roversi Monaco President, and by the Jack W. Peltason (Bren
Foundation) Chair at UCI. We are deeply indebted to the various funding entities
v
vi Acknowledgments
that made this conference possible. This conference took place as part of an ongoing
collaboration (established in 2005) between CSD and the Department of Political
Science at the University of Bologna – a collaboration that also involves research
centers at other University of California campuses. More specifically, a joint
research project entitled “New Forms of Democracy? Change and Reforms of
Democratic Institutions” was developed thanks to an agreement between the
University of California and the Department of Political Science, University of
Bologna. Financial support for the Italian participants in this project was provided
by both the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR) and the
University of Bologna pursuant to law D.M. 8.5.2001. Professor Giorgio Freddi
was coordinator of this project.
A companion conference, “Reforming the French Presidential Election System:
Experiments on Electoral Reform,” was held June 15–16, 2009, in Paris at the offices
of the Sciences-Po Center d’Étude de la Vie Politique Française (CEVIPOF).
CEVIPOF, along with the electoral research group (Le Groupe d’Analyse Electorale,
GAEL) of the French Political Science Association, served as the French conference
sponsors. This conference was coorganized by Annie Laurent and Bernard Dolez on
the French side and by Bernard Grofman. Funding for that conference was provided
by CSD and by the Jack W. Peltason (Bren Foundation) Chair at UCI. There is an
edited volume arising from that conference as well that will serve to complement this
book. We regard natural experiments (such as those that arose from the independently
caused, but rather parallel in structure, changes in electoral laws in Japan and Italy
discussed in this volume), on the one hand, and laboratory and field experiments on
voting methods, on the other, as powerful and complementary tools for developing a
more realistic understanding of the independent effects of electoral laws.
Contents
1 Introduction: Long-Run Consequences of Electoral
Rules Change: Comparing Italy and Japan ........................................... 1
Bernard Grofman and Daniela Giannetti
2 Party Competition Under New Electoral Rules
in Italy and Japan, 1994–2009 ................................................................. 13
Aldo Di Virgilio and Junko Kato
3 The Changing Bases of Party Support in Italy and Japan:
Similarities and Differences ..................................................................... 35
Daniela Giannetti and Naoko Taniguchi
4 Nominating Candidates Under New Rules in Italy and Japan:
You Cannot Bargain with Resources You Do Not Have ........................ 61
Aldo Di Virgilio and Steven R. Reed
5 Electoral Reform and Factional Politics in Italy and Japan ................. 77
Daniela Giannetti and Michael F. Thies
6 Electoral Reform in Italy and Japan:
Unanticipated Outcomes? ........................................................................ 97
Ethan Scheiner and Filippo Tronconi
Appendix A: Electoral Rules .......................................................................... 115
Appendix B: Votes and Seats ......................................................................... 119
Appendix C: Italian and Japanese Governments......................................... 127
Appendix D: Party Acronyms ........................................................................ 131
Appendix E: Glossary of Electoral System Terms ....................................... 133
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viii Contents
About the Editors ............................................................................................ 141
About the Authors ........................................................................................... 143
References ........................................................................................................ 145
Author Index.................................................................................................... 153
Subject Index ................................................................................................... 157
Contributors
Aldo Di Virgilio
Department of Political Science, University of Bologna, Italy
[email protected]
Daniela Giannetti
Department of Political Science, University of Bologna, Italy
[email protected]
Bernard Grofman
School of Social Sciences, University of California, Irvine CA, USA
[email protected]
Junko Kato
Graduate School of Law, The University of Tokyo, Japan
[email protected]
Steven R. Reed
Faculty of Policy Studies, Chuo University, Tokyo, Japan
[email protected]
Ethan Scheiner
Department of Political Science, University of California, Davis CA, USA
[email protected]
Naoko Taniguchi
Department of Sociology, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
[email protected]
Michael F. Thies
Department of Political Science, University of California, Los Angeles CA, USA
[email protected]
Filippo Tronconi
Department of Political Science, University of Bologna, Italy
[email protected]
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