Table Of ContentADescriptionofPapiamentu
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Grammars and Sketches of the
World’s Languages
Contact Languages
Editor
PeterBakker
(AarhusUniversity)
Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedatbrill.com/gswl
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A Description of Papiamentu
ACreoleLanguageof theCaribbeanArea
By
YolandaRiveraCastillo
leiden | boston
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:RiveraCastillo,Yolanda,author.
Title:AdescriptionofPapiamentu:aCreolelanguageoftheCaribbeanarea/by
YolandaRiveraCastillo.
Description:Leiden;Boston:Brill,[2022]|Series:Grammarsandsketchesofthe
world'slanguages.Contactlanguages,2352-9342;1|Includesbibliographical
referencesandindex.
Identifiers:lccn2022018246(print)|lccn2022018247(ebook)|
isbn9789004448827(hardback;acid-freepaper)|isbn9789004448834
(ebook)
Subjects:lcsh:Papiamentulanguage–Grammar.
Classification:lccpm7895.p31r582022(print)|lccpm7895.p31(ebook)|
ddc467/.972986–dc23/eng/20220602
lcrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2022018246
lcebookrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2022018247
TypefacefortheLatin,Greek,andCyrillicscripts:“Brill”.Seeanddownload:brill.com/brill‑typeface.
issn2352-9342
isbn978-90-04-44882-7(hardback)
isbn978-90-04-44883-4(e-book)
Copyright2022byYolandaRiveraCastillo.PublishedbyKoninklijkeBrillnv,Leiden,TheNetherlands.
KoninklijkeBrillnvincorporatestheimprintsBrill,BrillNijhoff,BrillHotei,BrillSchöningh,BrillFink,
Brillmentis,Vandenhoeck&Ruprecht,BöhlauandV&Runipress.
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Contents
EditorialForeword ix
PeterBakker
Acknowledgements x
ListofTablesandFigures xii
Abbreviations xiv
1 Introduction 1
1.0 GeneralDescriptionandScopeofWork 1
1.1 Justification 4
1.2 PreviousStudiesofPapiamentu 9
1.3 ObjectivesandMethodology 10
1.4 BookOrganizationandConclusions 12
2 MorphologyandGrammaticalCategories 14
2.0 Introduction:GrammaticalCategories,Inflection,andtheIsolating
Type 14
2.1 LexicalCategories 17
2.1.1Nouns:DerivationalAffixation,Enclisis,Compounding,and
Reduplication 18
2.1.2Verbs:InflectionalEndings,InherentInflection,Stress,andFree
PreverbalMorph 29
2.2 ProductiveMorphologyandAllomorphs 30
2.3 Conclusions 33
3 Syntax1—WordOrderandCombinatorialRestrictions 39
3.0 Introduction 39
3.1 FixedWordOrder,Verbs,andthenon-Pro-DropParameter 41
3.1.1VerbComplementPositionandtheSentence 41
3.1.2tmaMarkers,Verbs,andSerialization 46
3.1.3NegationandWordOrder 49
3.2 DeterminerPhrase(andNounPhrase) 52
3.3 Conclusions 58
4 Syntax2—HierarchicalStructure,ConstituencyandtheIsolating
Type 60
4.0 Introduction 60
4.1 ObligatorySubjectSentenceTypesandNoExpletiveinImpersonal
Constructions 61
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vi contents
4.2 SubordinateClauses 64
4.3 PassiveSentences 66
4.4 PhraseStructure 68
4.4.1npsanddps 68
4.4.2vps 69
4.5 Conclusions 73
AppendixA:SummaryofStructuralTypesinPapiamentu 73
5 SegmentalFeaturesandSyllableStructure 75
5.0 SegmentalFeatures 75
5.1 SyllableStructure,ConsonantClustersandVowelReduction 75
5.2 NasalVowelsandNasalization 77
5.2.1NasalityandtheSyllable 81
5.2.2NasalityinPapiamentuandItsPhoneticAnalysis 82
5.3 VowelHarmonyandMetaphony 85
5.3.1LexicallyDeterminedDomains:HeightHarmony 88
5.3.2LexicallyDeterminedDomains:[-atr]Harmony 90
5.4 Conclusions 93
6 PapiamentuProsody:IntonationandLexicalProminence 95
(co-authoredwithLucyPickering)
6.0 IdentifyingProsodicFeatures 95
6.1 ATypologyofStress 97
6.2 ATypologyofTone 101
6.3 ThePapiamentuProminenceSystem 103
6.3.1TheStressSystem 104
6.3.2PhoneticData:DurationandAmplitude 107
6.3.3TheToneSystem 111
6.3.4PhoneticAnalysis:FundamentalFrequency 114
6.4 IntonationinToneLanguagesandPapiamentu 121
6.4.1RaúlRömerandtheStudyofIntonationinPapiamentu 123
6.4.2DeclarativeSentences 127
6.4.3InterrogativeSentences 128
6.4.4ExclamatorySentencesandCommands 132
6.4.5Particles 136
6.5 Conclusions 138
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contents vii
7 SententialSemantics 140
7.0 Introduction 140
7.1 TheDeterminerPhrase:Animacy/GenderandNumber 142
7.1.1AnimacyandReferentialGenderMarking 142
7.1.2NumberMarking 149
7.2 TheVerbPhrase:Tense,Mood,andAspect 166
7.2.1TenseGrams 167
7.2.2MoodGramsandModality 170
7.2.3AspectualDistinctions 174
7.2.4DiachronicPathsofChangeforaandkaba 187
7.3 Conclusions 191
8 ConclusionsandTypology 193
8.0 PapiamentuStructuralFeatures 193
8.1 MorphologyandInflection 196
8.2 MiddleoftheRoadWordOrderandSyntax 197
8.3 PhonologyandPapiamentu 198
8.4 Meaning,tmamarkers,Animacy/Gender,andNumber 203
8.5 InnovationsinPapiamentuandCreolesasaTypologicalClass 206
Glossary 211
References 215
SubjectIndex 241
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Editorial Foreword
ItisanhonortoopentheseriesonContactLanguages,aspartof theSeries
Grammars and Sketches of the World’s Languages, with this study on Papia-
mentubyYolandaRiveraCastillo.
Theseriesspecializesinstudiesofcontactlanguages,includingpidgins,cre-
oles and mixed languages. Papiamentu is the creole language widely spoken
onAruba,BonaireandCuraçao,threeislandsintheCaribbeanoffthecoastof
Venezuela,aswellasintheNetherlands.Ontheislandsitisspokenbythevast
majorityofthepopulation,andradiostationsbroadcastinitandseveralnews-
papersarepublishedinthelanguage.Inaddition,mostPapiamentuspeakers
alsospeakDutch(officiallanguage),Spanishand/orEnglish.
Inherbook,YolandaRiveraCastillodrawsonthetraditionsof descriptive
linguistics,laboratoryphonetics,generativegrammarandlinguistictypology
toproduceabookwithinterestfordescriptivists,phoneticians,typologists,and
theoreticians.
The author and her team of researchers used field data collected on the
islands,laboratorydataanddatafromthewrittenmedia,complementingeach
other.Theauthoroptedforanin-depthstudyofthemostchallengingaspects
ofPapiamentu,ratherthanageneraldescriptionofthelanguage.Thechoiceof
topicsincludesthetonesofthelanguageandtheirinteractionwithpitchand
sentence structure, nasalization, the expression of tense-mood-aspect, word
order,genderandnumber.
The author shows that Papiamentu is a creole language and an unexcep-
tionallanguage,inthatitinnosensedeviatesfrompropertiesfoundinother
languagesoftheworld.Yet,itdiffersinanumberofrespectsfromothercreole
languages,forinstanceinitstense-mood-aspectsystemanditstonalsystem.
Inherstudy,shedoesnotshyawayfrominnovativeideas,suchastheinclu-
sionofaco-singularcategoryforthe-nanclitic,linkingittoclassifiers,andin
herdiscussionofgendermarkersderivedfromlexemesmeaning“man”,“male”,
“woman”,“female”.
Iliketoexpressmygratitudetothereviewersofthebook,whocontributed
tothequalityof thisstudy.Thebookwillcertainlyhaveanimpactoncreole
studiesandthestudyofPapiamentu.
PeterBakker
gswl—ContactLanguagesSeriesEditor
Aarhus,Denmark
January2022
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Acknowledgements
IwanttothanktheUniversityofPuertoRico-RíoPiedrasforitscontinuoussup-
port.Ihavewrittenthisbookdueinparttoasabbaticalandreleasetimefrom
thisinstitution.Bothresearchandanalysisweremadepossiblebygrantsfrom
theuprVice-presidencyandtheOfficeofGraduateStudiesattheRíoPiedras
Campus(DecanatodeEstudiosGraduadoseInvestigación-degi),whichpro-
videdaminigranttocompletethedataanalysis.Thecontinuoussupportofthe
PuertoRicanAssociationofUniversityProfessors(AsociaciónPuertorriqueña
deProfesoresUniversitarios-appu)hasbeencentraltothisendeavoraswell.
Someof theinitialworkwasfundedbyasummergrantfromtheUniversity
ofAlabamaatTuscaloosa.Additionally,theDepartmentofAppliedLinguistics
atGeorgiaStateUniversityinAtlantaprovidedofficespaceandequipmentto
conductpartofthephoneticanalysisduringAugust2007.
Iwouldliketothankanonymousreviewersforthecommentsandsugges-
tionsontheoriginalmanuscript.Theirinput,aswellasthatoftherolaseries
editor, has contributed to the content and final edition of this work. Com-
ments and suggestions from the cola series editor, Prof. Peter Bakker, have
helpedmeinthereevaluationof somedataandinreframingsomeanalyses
of semanticphenomena.ElisaPerotti,Editorof LanguagesandLinguisticsat
Brill,hasexpertlyguidedtheprocessofbookeditingthroughdifferentstages.I
amdeeplygratefultoallofthem.IwishtoextendmyspecialthankstoRaquel
SalasRiveraforhissupportandhelpineditingthismanuscript.Iamverygrate-
fultoLucyPickering,longtimecollaboratorandco-authorofChapter6.Abigail
Ramos-Michel’s help during data collection has been invaluable during the
researchprocessaswell.ManyPapiamentuspeakershavecontributedtothis
bookinonewayoranother.Myheartfeltthankstothem.
IamalsoindebtedtoCamilleWagner-Rodríguez,whocontributedtodata
structuringandtheanalysisoflexicalcategories.IwouldliketothankMartha
Dijkhoff forherhelpintheanalysisof somePapiamentudataonvowelhar-
mony. Many thanks are due to Gretza Piñeiro andYaítza Rodríguez, readers
whoalsocontributedwithcommentstotheoriginalmanuscript.Membersof
theaudienceatconferencesfromtheSocietyof PidginandCreoleLanguages,
theSocietyforCaribbeanLinguistics,FormalApproachestoCreoleStudies,the
AssociaçãodeCrioulosdeBaseLexicalPortuguesaeEspanhola,amongothers,
haveprovidedvaluablecommentsduringpresentations.Tothosewho,overthe
years,supportedmyeffortsandencouragedmetocontinuemyresearch,Iam
grateful:EdelmiroSalasGonzalez,aposthumousrecognition,MarisolJoseph-
Haynes,SandraPascuas,MarinaMartínezCora,RamónValle,VanessaAustin,
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