1995-1996 Year Book - Carnegie Institution of Washington

188 Pages·1996·29.7 MB·English

by  Carnegie Institution of Washington

EXTENDING THE FRONTIERS OF SCIENCE..
YEAR
BOOK
*v
w
CARNEGIE
INSTITUTION
WA GTON
OF H IN
S
Coverphoto: High-resolution x-ray image offossilized wood ~ 40 millionyearsold. The convo-
lutedstructure corresponds tocollapsedcellwalls. Eachcellwall isnominally 4 micronswide; the
spatial resolutionofthe image is 50nm and sample thickness is 150 nm, The image was acquired by
GeophysicalLaboratorystaffmemberGeorgeCodyusingthescanningtransmissionx-raymicro-
scope at the National SynchrotronLight Source, BrookhavenNational Laboratory. Light regions
ofthe image correspond to high x-ray transmission, dark to high x-ray absorption. The photon
energy is 285 eV, and image contrast is based on the distribution ofa specific type ofcarbon (i.e.
carbon involved in pi bonding with other carbons). The image thus provides a high-resolution
chemical "map"ofcarbonchemistry. See essaybyGeorge Cody, p. 128.
Year Book 95
The Report
President's
1995 -June 30, 1996
July 1,
CARNEGIE INSTITUTION OF WASHINGTON
OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATION
1530 P Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20005-1910
[phone]
President: Maxine F. Singer
Director, Administration and Finance:JohnJ. Lively
Director, External Affairs: Susanne Garvey
DEPARTMENT OF EMBRYOLOGY
115 West University Parkway
MD
Baltimore, 21210-3301
[phone]
C
Director: Allan Spradling
.
DEPARTMENT OF PLANT BIOLOGY
290 Panama Street
CA
Stanford, 94305-4101
[phone]
Director: Christopher Somerville
GEOPHYSICALLABORATORY
N.W
5251 Broad Branch Road,
Washington, DC 20015-1305
[phone]
Director: Charles T. Prewitt
DEPARTMENT OF TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM
N.W
5241 Broad Branch Road,
Washington, DC 20015-1305
[phone]
Director: Sean C Solomon
.
THEOBSERVATORIES LAS CAMPANAS OBSERVATORY
813 Santa Barbara Street Casilla 601
CA
Pasadena, 91101-1292 La Serena, Chile
[phone]
Director: Augustus Oemler, Jr., The Crawford H. Greenewalt Chair
Director, Las Campanas: Miguel Roth
Carnegie Institution Web site: http://www.ciw.edu
Library ofCongress Catalog Card Number 3-16716
ISSN 0069-066X; ISBN 0-87279-674-4
Printing by Kirby Lithographic Company, Inc.
Composition with Adobe PageMaker
December 1996
Carnegie Institution Year Book 95
ii
Contents
President's Commentary (Singer) 1
Losses, Gains, Honors 10
Contributions, Gifts, and Private Grants 15
The Observatories
Director's Introduction 21
The Sky at Meter Wavelengths (McCarthy) 23
Lurking Galaxies (Dalcanton) 31
Personnel 37
Bibliography 39
Department of Terrestrial Magnetism
Director's Introduction 47
Time Scales and Stellar Evolution (Graham) 50
Star Dust in the Laboratory (Alexander) 57
Personnel 65
Bibliography 67
Department of Embryology
Director's Introduction 73
Mice Flip Over New Genetic Techniques (Dymecki) 77
A
Modern Genetics: Modular Mis-expression Screen in
Drosophila (R0rth) 82
Personnel 89
Bibliography 91
(continued)
Year Book 95 Carnegie Institution hi
Department of Plant Biology
Director's Introduction 95
How Plants Protect Themselves from Damage by Excessive
Sunlight (Niyogi, Grossman, and Bjorkman) 99
The Changing Carbon Cycle, from the Leaf to the Globe (Field) 106
. .
Personnel 113
Bibliography 115
Geophysical Laboratory
Director's Introduction 119
Isotopic Tracers of Climatic Changes in the Australian
Outback (Fogel and Johnson) 121
Ancient Structures: Probing the Chemistry of Organic Matter
Diagenesis (Cody) 128
Ultrahigh Metamorphism and the Qinglongshan
Anomaly (Rumble) 137
Personnel 140
Bibliography 142
Extradepartmental and Administrative
Personnel 149
Publications and Special Events 150
Abstract of Minutes of the 104th Meeting of the Board 151
Bylaws 153
Financial Statements 162
Index 175
Carnegie Institution ofWashington is committed to the national policy offair treatment ofall
employees in all aspects ofemployment. The Institution does not discriminate against any person
on the basis ofrace, color, religion, sex, national or ethnic origin, age, disability, veteran status, or
any other basis prohibited by applicable law. This policy covers all programs, including adminis-
tration of its educational program, admission ofqualified students as fellows, and employment
practices and procedures.
W Carnegie Institution Year Book 95
President and Trustees
PRESIDENT
Maxine Singer
F.
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
Thomas N. Urban, Chairman
William M. Turner, Vice-Chairman
I. Jr.,
T
William Golden, Secretary
Philip H. Abelson William R. Hearst III
T
William Coleman, Jr. Richard E. Heckert
John Crawford Kazuo Inamori
F.
Edward E. David, Jr. Gerald D. Laubach
John Diebold John D. Macomber
James D. Ebert Richard A. Meserve
W
Gary Ernst Frank Press
Sandra M. Faber William Rutter
W J.
Bruce Ferguson David E Swensen
Michael E. Gellert Charles H. Townes
Robert G. Goelet Sidney Weinberg,
J. Jr.
David Greenewalt
TRUSTEES EMERITI
Caryl P. Haskins
William R. Hewlett
William McChesney Martin,
Jr.
Richard S. Perkins
Robert C. Seamans,
Jr.
Frank Stanton
Year Book 95 Carnegie Institution v
Former Presidents and Trustees
PRESIDENTS
Frederick H. Gillett, 1924-1935 Paul F. Oreffice, 1988-1993
Daniel C. Gilman, 1902-1908 William Church Osborn, 1927-
Daniel Coit Gilman, 1902-1904 Hanna H.Gray, 1974-1978 1934
Robert S. Woodward, 1904-1920 Crawford H. Greenewalt, 1952- Walter H. Page, 1971-1979
John C. Merriam, 1921-1938 1984 James Parmelee, 1917-1931
Vannevar Bush, 1939-1955 William C. Greenough, 1975- William Barclay Parsons, 1907—
Caryl P. Haskins, 1956-1971 1989 1932
Philip H. Abelson, 1971-1978 Patrick E. Haggerty, 1974-1975 Stewart Paton, 1916-1942
James D. Ebert, 1978-1987 John Hay, 1902-1905 Robert N. Pennoyer, 1968-1989
Edward E. David, Jr. (Acting Barklie McKee Henry, 1949-1966 George W. Pepper, 1914-1919
President, 1987-1988) Myron T. Herrick, 1915-1929 John J. Pershing, 1930-1943
TRUSTEES Abram S. Hewitt, 1902-1903 Henning W. Prentis, Jr., 1942-
Henry L. Higginson, 1902-1919 1959
Ethan A. Hitchcock, 1902-1909 Henry S. Pritchett, 1906-1936
Alexander Aggasiz, 1904-1905 Henry Hitchcock, 1902 Gordon S. Rentschler, 1946-1948
Robert O. Anderson, 1976-1983 Herbert Hoover, 1920-1949 Sally K. Ride, 1989-1994
Lord Ashby of Brandon, 1967— William Wirt Howe, 1903-1909 David Rockefeller, 1952-1956
1974 Charles L. Hutchinson, 1902- ElihuRoot, 1902-1937
J. Paul Austin, 1976-1978 1904 Elihu Root, Jr., 1937-1967
George G. Baldwin, 1925-1927 WalterA. Jessup, 1938-1944 Julius Rosenwald, 1929-1931
Thomas Barbour, 1934-1946 Frank B. Jewett, 1933-1949 William M. Roth, 1968-1979
James F.Bell, 1935-1961 George F. Jewett, Jr., 1983-1987 William W. Rubey, 1962-1974
JohnS. Billings, 1902-1913 Antonia Ax:son Johnson, 1980— Martin A. Ryerson, 1908-1928
Robert Woods Bliss, 1936-1962 1994 Howard A. Schneiderman, 1988-
Amory H. Bradford, 1959-1972 William F. Kieschnick, 1985-1991 1990
Lindsay Bradford, 1940-1958 Samuel P. Langley, 1904-1906 Henry R. Shepley, 1937-1962
OmarN. Bradley, 1948-1969 Kenneth G. Langone, 1993-1994 Theobald Smith, 1914-1934
Lewis M. Branscomb, 1973-1990 Ernest O. Lawrence, 1944-1958 John C Spooner, 902- 907
. 1 1
Robert S. Brookings, 1910-1929 Charles A. Lindbergh, 1934-1939 William Benson Storey, 1924-
James E. Burke, 1989-1993 William Lindsay, 1902-1909 1939
Vannevar Bush, 1958-1971 Henry Cabot Lodge, 1914-1924 Richard P. Strong, 1934-1948
John L. Cadwalader, 1903-1914 Alfred L. Loomis, 1934-1973 Charles P. Taft, 1936-1975
William W. Campbell, 1929-1938 Robert A. Lovett, 1948-1971 William H. Taft, 1906-1915
John J. Carty, 1916-1932 SethLow, 1902-1916 William S. Thayer, 1929-1932
Whitefoord R. Cole, 1925-1934 Wayne MacVeagh, 902- 907 JuanT. Trippe, 1944-1981
1 1
John T. Connor, 1975-1980 Keith S. McHugh, 1950-1974 James W. Wadsworth, 1932-1952
Frederic A. Delano, 1927-1949 Andrew W. Mellon, 1924-1937 Charles D. Walcott, 1902-1927
Cleveland H. Dodge, 1903-1923 John C. Merriam, 1921-1938 Frederic C. Walcott, 1931-1948
William E. Dodge, 1902-1903 J. Irwin Miller, 1988-1991 Henry P. Walcott, 1910-1924
Gerald M. Edelman, 1980-1987 Margaret Carnegie Miller, 1955- Lewis H. Weed, 1935-1952
Charles P. Fenner, 1914-1924 1967 William H. Welch, 1906-1934
Michael Ference, Jr., 1968-1980 Roswell Miller, 1933-1955 Gunnar Wessman, 1984-1987
Homer L. Ferguson, 1927-1952 Darius O. Mills, 1902-1909 Andrew D. White, 1902-1916
Simon Flexner, 1910-1914 S. Weir Mitchell, 1902-1914 Edward D. White, 1902-1903
W. Cameron Forbes, 1920-1955 Andrew J. Montague, 1907-1935 Henry White, 1913-1927
James Forrestal, 1948-1949 Henry S. Morgan, 1936-1978 James N. White, 1956-1979
William N. Frew, 1902-1915 William W. Morrow, 1902-1929 George W. Wickersham, 909-
1
Lyman J. Gage, 1902-1912 Seeley G. Mudd, 1940-1968 1936
Walter S. Gifford, 1931-1966 Franklin D. Murphy, 1978-1985 Robert E. Wilson, 1953-1964
Carl J. Gilbert, 1962-1983 William I. Myers, 1948-1976 Robert S. Woodward, 1905-1924
Cass Gilbert, 1924-1934 Garrison Norton, 1960-1974 Carroll D. Wright, 1902-1908
VI Carnegie Institution Year Book 95
i
:
'\-f\\n£>i
WXiC
ilt CiD'lttldilHCC IS
,
he Commentary
President's
machm
:; the va '
:. i
/:'.'/ t
UU'i'l Ci
' '* * . .
Carnegie president Maxine Singer
j
, y/rt eartfi filled with ahufujL
' , j ; ? ;
tnitii ai,iiuuuficc LS u U) urn bti
Department ofTerrestrial Magnetism staff member Erik Hauri and visitor Vincent Salters from Florida State
Universitywith the Cameca IMS 6f ion microprobe at DTM. The instrument, which enables researchers to
examine micro-scale variations in trace elements and isotopes by bombarding samples with beams ofcharged
particles, is run as a regional facility, with approximately halfthe operating time reserved for scientists from
other institutions. It was formally dedicated in |une 1996. (Photo by Steve Shirey)
2 Carnegie Institution Year Book 95