Table Of ContentUnconventional Optical Elements for Information
Storage, Processing and Communications
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Series 3. High Technology - Vol. 75
Unconventional Optical Elements
for Information Storage,
Processing and Communications
edited by
E. Marom
Department of Physical Electronics,
Tel Aviv University,
Tel Aviv, Israel
N.A.Vainos
Institute of Electronic Structure & Laser,
Foundation for Research & Technology-Hellas,
Heraklion, Crete, Greece
A. A. Friesem
Department of Physics of Complex Systems,
Weizmann Institute for Science,
Rehovot, Israel
and
J. W. Goodman
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Stanford University,
Stanford, California, U.S.A.
Technical Editor
E. Rosenfeld
Division of Sciences and Technology.
SOLO-TECH Ud ..
Jerusalem, Israel
Springer-Science+Business Media, B.V.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Unconventional Optical Elements for Information Storage,
Processing and Communications
Tel Aviv, Israel
October 19-21, 1998
A C.i.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-0-7923-6191-6 ISBN 978-94-011-4096-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-011-4096-6
Printed on acid-free paper
AII Rights Reserved
© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 15t edition 2000
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced ar utilized in
any form or by any means, electronic ar mechanical, including photocopying, recarding or
by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the
copyright owner.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ........................................................................................................................... ix
Unconventional Imaging and Processing
Coherence Methods for Unconventional Imaging Processes .......................................... I
E.N. Leith
Some Diffractive -Optical Systems Based on Novel Gratings ....................................... 9
A.W Lohmann
Technologies and Potential Applications of Adaptive Optics ........................................ 15
1.C Dainty
Pattern Recognition with Joint Transform Correlators - Recent Developments ........... 21
E. Marom, A. Shemer and H.lnbar
Storage of3D Information on 2D Elements .................................................................. 29
1. Shamir
Generalized Super Resolution Approach based on the Degrees of Freedom
Hyper-space Adaptation ................................................................................................ 39
D. Mendlovic, Z.Zalevsky and A. W Lohmann
Diffradive Elements and Microoptics
Real-Time Holographic Interferometry in Photorefractive BTO Crystals
Using Optical Phase Conjugation with a Low Power Laser Diode ............................... 51
v.1. Vlad, A.Petris, M.Kurzeluk and A.Jianu
Planar Diffi'active Elements for Compact Optics ........................................................... 61
Y. Amitai, R. Shechter, S.Reinhorn and A.A. Friesem
Design and Fabrication Issues in SubwaveIength Diffractive Optical Elements ........... 73
P. Chavel and P. Lalanne
Subwavelength and Quasi-Subwavelength Diffractive Optical Elements ..................... 81
L.M. Bernardo
vi
Microsystems for Optical Imaging and Interconnects ................................................... 89
R. Diindliker, H.P. Herzig and R. Viilkel
Micro-Optical Components for Information Technology
Fabricated via LlGA Technique .................................................................................... 99
H.-D .. Bauer, W. Ehrfeld, J. Hossfeld, M Neumeier,
T. Paazsch and J. Schulze
Nonlinear and Ultrafast Optics
Nonlinear Photonic Engineering: Physics and Applications ....................................... 109
J. Zyss, A. Donval, S Brasselet, P. Labbe and E. Toussaere
Novel Optical Phenomena in Near-Critical Photorefractive Crystals:
Diffusion Driven Diffraction and Spontaneous Self-Trapping .................................... 127
B. Crosignani. E. Delre and M. Tamburrini
Frequency Upconversion of Lasers with Optical Parametric Oscillators ..................... 137
0. Aytiir
Characterization of Nonlinear Optical Materials for Photonic Applications ............... 143
S. Co uris. M Konstantaki and E. Koudoumas
Adaptive Techniques in Ultrafast Optics ..................................................................... 155
Y. Silberberg. D. Meshulach and D. Ye/in
Nonlinear Spatio-Temporallnformation Processing with Femtosecond Laser Pulses 163
Y. Fainman. P.e. Sun, Y. Mazurenko. D. Marom and K. Oba
Optical Communication
All-Optical Semiconductor Switching Devices for Applications
in Optical Communication Systems ............................................................................. 173
S. Diez, H.J. Ehrke. U. Feiste. R. Ludwig. E. Patzak.
e.
Schmidt and H.G. Weber
Computer Modeling of Optical Fibers and Waveguides .............................................. 183
MSAI Salameh and SA. Alkhawaldeh
Tbitlsec Optical AT M Switch Utilizing Dynamic WDM Technology ........................ 195
D. Sadot
Towards Uniform Channel Performance in Dynamic WDM Systems and Networks 199
A.E. Willner
vii
Devices, Interconnects and Switching
Resonant Structures for Optical Processing and Communication ................................ 205
A.A. Friesem. G. Levy-Yurista. N. Dudovich. D. Rosenblatt
and A. Sharon; H.G. Weber. H Engel and R. Steingriiber;
H Burkhard, C. Greus. B. Kempf and E. Kuphal
Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulators as Intracavity Laser Elements
and Dynamic Holographic Correctors for Distortions in Optical Systems .................. 217
V. Berenberg. A. Kornev. A. Leshchev. A. Onokhov.
V. Pokrovskiy. L. Soms. V. Stoupnikov. M Vasil'ev and V. Venediktov
Fundamental Issues in Optical Interconnections .......................................................... 225
HM Ozaktas
The Electroholographic Optical Switches and Interconnects ....................................... 235
A.J. Agranat. G. Bartal. J. Krupnic. B. Pessah and D. Sado!
VIVALDI - Variations on a Theme of Optical Crossbars ...................................... 241
TJ. Hall
Laser-Material Interactions and Optical Storage
Laser Materials Processing for Optoelectronics and Information Systems .................. 247
N.A. Vainos
Recording in Quantum Dot Glasses by Pulsed Laser Irradiation ................................. 257
Yu.Kaganovskii, A. Lipovskii and M Rosenbluh
Photorefractive Volume Holographic Memories for
Associative Storage and Processing in a Multimedia Environment.. ........................... 269
P.A. Mitkas and G. Betzos
Characteristics and Applications of Volume Phase Holographic Gratings
Recorded in Photo-Thermo-Refractive Glasses ........................................................... 279
MG. Moharam and S. Dunn
Optical Research in Israel
Electrooptics in Israel .................................................................................................. 287
MOron
Subject Index .............................................................................................................. 293
Author Index .............................................................................................................. 299
PREFACE
The field of optics has been accelerating at an unprecedented rate, due both to the
tremendous growth of the field of fiber-optic communications, and to the improvement
of optical materials and devices. Throughput capabilities of fiber systems are
accelerating faster than Moore's law, the famous growth rate of silicon chip capability,
which has propelled that industry relentlessly over decades. In addition, new optical
storage techniques push the limits of information density, with an ever decreasing cost
per bit of storage. Economic investment in photonics is at an all-time high. At the same
time, other fields of optics, adaptive optics for instance, are bringing new capabilities to
more classical applications such as astronomical imaging. New lasers continue to be
developed, with applications in display, sensing, and biomedicine following at
ever-shorter intervals after the initial discoveries.
Given this background, the NATO Mediterranean Dialog Advanced Research Workshop
on Unconventional Optical Elements for Information Storage, Processing and
Communications, held in Israel on October 19-21, 1998, came at an opportune moment
in the history of optics. Its aim was to overview the current state-of-the-art and
encourage cooperation in the Mediterranean region, with a view to highlighting and
enhancing the existing potential for further development and innovation. The workshop
included participants from Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Jordan,
Morocco, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom and USA.
The venue for the workshop was Kiryat Anavim, a kibbutz in the wooded Jerusalem
hills, which provided a peaceful setting particularly conducive to a productive exchange
of ideas. The workshop was sponsored by the Scientific and Environmental Affairs
Division of NATO, and the Ministry of Science of the State of Israel.
This book represents the official Proceedings of this workshop, and includes expanded
versions of most of the presentations. In outlining the content, it is perhaps useful to
divide the subject matter by a classification that begins with basic research and proceeds
ultimately to systems applications. The subcategories include 1) enabling research, 2)
materials, 3) devices, 4) subsystems and 5) systems. Of course, most contributions
reported in this book can span more than one of the categories. Within each
subcategory (except perhaps the first), an entire spectrum of activities is possible,
ranging from research to product development. This workshop dealt primarily with
topics on the research end of this range, but papers touching on all of the above
subcategories were presented.
It is impossible in a brief preface to do justice to all the contributions presented in the
meeting and in this book. Here we simply point out broad categories of papers to help
the reader understand what the book contains. Unconventional imaging including
adaptive optics (Leith, Lohmann, and Dainty) and unconventional optical processing
including interferometry (Marom et ai, Shamir, Mendlovic et ai, and Vlad et al) are
covered in general. Diffractive elements (Amitai et ai, Chavel et ai, and Bernardo) and
microoptics (Dandliker et ai, and Bauer et al) are active areas of enabling research and
ix
x
their progress is well represented here. Nonlinear optics (Zyss et aI, Crosignani et aI,
Aytur, and Couris et al) and ultrafast optics (Silberberg et aI, and Fainman et al) are
topics of much current interest and some recent developments are represented. Optical
communication including research and development on devices (Weber et aI, AI
Salameh et al. and Sadot) and WDM systems (Willner) is very well represented. Novel
devices for photonics (Friesem et al. Soms et al) and recent developments in optical
interconnects and switching (Ozaktas. Agranat et al. and Hall) all of which can lead to
new applications, are well covered. Laser-materials interaction and processing (Vainos,
and Rosenbluh et al) and optical information storage (Mitkas et aI, and Moharam et al)
continue to be topics of much interest and are represented here as well. The book also
contains a broad overview of optics research and development in Israel (Oron).
In summary, the field of optics is extremely rich and diverse. This book contains timely
information on many of its subfields, which we hope the reader will find both
informative and useful.
Acknowledgements
The workshop chairpersons would like to thank the Scientific and Environmental
Affairs of NATO and the Ministry of Science of the State of Israel for supporting and
sponsoring this NATO scientific workshop. the first to bring scientists from the
Mediterranean Dialog countries together to discuss issues of mutual interest among
themselves and with colleagues from around the world.
We would like to take this opportunity to thank also Paul Rambaut, Keith Gardner and
Nancy Schulte of NATO, as well as Yael Pasternak and Neal Sherman from the
Division of International Scientific Relations, and Joseph van Zwaren de Zwarenstein,
Yael Oren and Elieser Rosenfeld from the Division of Exact Sciences of the Israeli
Ministry of Science for all their efforts on behalf of the workshop. Special thanks are
due to Elieser Rosenfeld. for his dedicated editorial support.
COHERENCE METHODS FOR UNCONVENTONAL IMAGING PROCESSES
E. N. LEITH
The University ofM ichigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
Abstract
Various unconventional imaging processes are described, all based on the use of
coherence, either temporal or spatial. Coherence imaging techniques are applied to
electronic holography for imaging through inhomogeneous media, coherence methods
to characterize scattering media and related applications
1. Introduction
We describe various novel imaging modalities and information gathering processes, all
based on coherence concepts. We detcribe the following:
a. Ensemble averaged imaging. This is a method of imaging through a scattering
medium wherein the phase of the scattered light emerging from the scattering medium
is averaged so as to recover the phase of the embedded signal so that back projection
can be used to form a sharply focused image
b. The characterization of a scattering medium by its various coherence functions,
including its spatial and temporal coherence and its coherence time; such a
characterization can possibly be used to detect abnormal tissue or diseased tissue lying
deep within overlying tissue.
c. A gating method for imaging through scattering media based on spatial filtering
methods
2. Ensemble Averaged Imaging
A common method of imaging through scattering media is to use the first arriving light.
In this method, a short pulse of light enters a scattering medium, The light is scattered
about and emerges as a significantly longer pulse. The light that emerges first has been
scattered the least, or has been mostly forward scattered, and can therefore form the best
image (see Figure 1). Thus, the scattering medium is illuminated from one side by a
short pulse, and the light emerging from the opposite side is gated so as to retain only
the first arriving light. This light, it has been demonstrated many times, can form an
image superior to one formed when no gating is used [1].
E. Marom et al. (eds.),
Unconventional Optical Elementsjor Information Storage, Processing and Communications, 1-7.
@ 2000 Kluwer Academic Publishers.
