Recent Results in Laminar-Turbulent Transition: Selected numerical and experimental contributions from the DFG priority programme ‘Transition’ in Germany

334 Pages·2004·15.387 MB·English

by  Y. S. Kachanov (auth.), Prof. Dr. Siegfried Wagner, Dr. Markus Kloker, Dr. Ulrich Rist (eds.)

86 Notes on Numerical Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design (NNFM)
Editors
E. H. HirschellMiinchen
K. FujiilKanagawa
w.
Haase/Miinchen
B. van Leer/Ann Arbor
M. A. Leschziner/London
M. Pandolfi/Torino
J. PeriauxiParis
A. Rizzi/Stockholm
B. RouxlMarseille
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
ONLINE LIBRARY
Engineering
http://www.springer.de/engine/
Recent Results in Laminar
Turbulent Transition
Selected numerical and experimental contributions
from the DFG priority programme 'Transition'
in Germany
Siegfried Wagner, Markus Kloker, Ulrich Rist (Editors)
t
Springer
Prof. Dr. Siegfried Wagner
Dr. Markus Kloker
Dr. Ulrich Rist
Universitat Stuttgart
Institut fiir Aerodynamik und Gasdynamik
Pfaffenwaldring 21
70550 Stuttgart
Germany
siegfried. [e-mail]
[e-mail]
[e-mail]
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication-Data
Recent results in laminar-turbulent transition: selected numerical and experimental contributions
from the DFG Priority Programme "Transition" in Germany 1 Siegfried Wagner, Markus Kloker,
Ulrich Rist (editors).
p. cm. --(Notes on numerical fluid mechanics and multidisciplinary design, ISSN 0179-9614; 86)
Includes bibliographical references.
1. Fluid dynamics. 2. Laminar flow. 3. Turbulence. 4. Boundary layer. I. Wagner, Siegfried. II Klo
ker, Markus. III Rist, Ulrich. IV. DFG Verbund-Schwerpunktprogramm Transition. V. Series.
TA357.R392004
532'.0525--dc22
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DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-45060-3
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NNFM Editor Addresses
Pro£ Dr. Ernst Heinrich Hirschel Prof. Dr. Maurizio Pandolfi
(General editor) Politecnico di Torino
Herzog-Heinrich-Weg 6 Dipartimento di Ingegneria
D-85604 Zorneding Aeronautica e Spaziale
Germany Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24
E-mail: [e-mail] 1-10129 Torino
Italy
Prof. Dr. Kozo Fujii E-mail: [e-mail]
Space Transportation Research
Division Prof. Dr. Jacques Periaux
The Institute of Space Dassault Aviation
and Astronautical Science 78, Quai Marcel Dassault
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Kanagawa,229-85lO France
Japan E-mail: [e-mail]
E-mail: [e-mail]
Prof. Dr. Arthur Rizzi
Dr. Werner Haase Department of Aeronautics
Hohenkirchener Str.19d KTH Royal Institute of Technology
D-85662 Hohenbrunn Teknikringen 8
Germany S-10044 Stockholm
E-mail: [e-mail] Sweden
E-mail: [e-mail]
Prof. Dr. Bram van Leer
Department of Aerospace Engineering Dr. Bernard Roux
The University of Michigan L3M - IMT La Jetee
Ann Arbor, MI 48lO9-2140 Technopole de Chateau-Gombert
USA F-13451 Marseille Cedex 20
E-mail: [e-mail] France
E-mail: [e-mail]
Prof. Dr. Michael A. Leschziner
Imperial College of Science,
Technology and Medicine
Aeronautics Department
Prince Consort Road
London SW7 2BY
u.K.
E-mail: [e-mail]
Preface
Methodic investigations of laminar-turbulent transition in wall-bounded she
ar flows under controlled conditions are essential for untangling the various
complex phenomena of the transition process occurring in flows at practical
conditions. They allow understanding of the instability processes of the la
minar flow, and thus enable the development of tools for flow control. On
the one hand the laminar flow regime can be extended by delaying transition
to reduce viscous drag, and on the other hand large-scale flow disturbances
or transition can be forced in order to enhance momentum and mass ex
change. Thus flow separation can be prevented, or mixing of fuel and air in
combustion engines enhanced, for instance.
The "DFG Verbund-Schwerpunktprogramm Transition" - a cooperative
priority research program of universities, research establishments and indu
stry in Germany - has been launched in April 1996 with the aim to explore
transition by a coordinated use, development and validation of advanced
experimental techniques and theoretical/numerical simulation methods, bin
ding together all the appropriate resources available in Germany. At the very
beginning of the six-year research period specifically selected test problems
were to be investigated by various theoretical and experimental methods to
identify and possibly rule out inadequate numerical or experimental methods.
With respect to experiments it was planned to use multi-sensor-surface
measuring techniques, the infrared measuring technique, and particle image
velocimetry (PlV) in addition to hot-wire techniques to get instantaneous
images of flows in sections, on surfaces, or within the complete flow field.
These methods provide a high information density allowing a detailed infor
mation about complex three-dimensional and unsteady flows as well as the
resolution of complex flow structures. For gaining insight into the proces
ses and mechanisms of transition direct numerical simulations (DNS) were
to be performed. Proper, advanced-numerics DNS have the potential to
reliably simulate flow physical phenomena of any amplitude at well-defined
conditions, without uncontrolled (background) disturbances or empirical flow
modelling, from the very laminar flow up to the turbulent regime. The flow
configurations treated are still geometrically simple, but we do point out that
this is not primarily enforced by computational restrictions but by the un
derstanding that simulating too complex or big a problem does often not
help to understand it but simply is a feasibility or eye-catcher study without
lasting value. Therefore, basic flow configurations have been an important
element of this research program. The parabolized stability equations (PSE),
a non-local instability tracking method using disturbance differential equati
ons parabolized in streamwise direction, have also been used to investigate
non-local disturbance effects and to study receptivity and weakly non-linear
disturbance interactions. Additionally, advanced local methods, like equi
librium solutions and the solution of partial-derivative eigenvalue problems
(two-dimensional instead of one-dimensional) have been employed.
VII
A specialty were carefully planned flight tests performed by different uni
versity groups with a common motor glider, by DLR (the German aerospace
centre) with an own plane, and by Airbus industries using an airliner A320.
Among these partners the know-how exchange was very useful. Moreover, the
investigation of analogous flow situations by various theoretical/numerical
and experimental methods guaranteed a high level of mutual stimulation.
From this concerted actions a high level of success could be expected and has
been regarded mandatory to make a remarkable step forward in transition re
search. We do not want to conceal that there were some difficulties in keeping
the cooperation alive up to the program end. Not due to personal or scientific
misunderstandings, rather due to the organizational in-homogeneity of the
contributing parties and due to strategic reorganisations at DLR and indu
stry some convincing effort was needed so that the work could be adequately
finished at these places.
What are the lasting outcomes of the programme? Browse through the
articles and find what we see: a wealth of internationally recognized results
that reflect the steps marched forward on the way to understanding and
advancing management of wall-bounded flows.
Moreover, the concepts and methods successfully used and the experi
ences made in the area of transition can, and in our view, have to be used
(with little adaptation) also within turbulence research. In the area of turbu
lence modelling a certain saturation has become obvious which means that
no further progress can be expected, especially when transition phenomena,
three-dimensional, or separated shear flows occur. This is due to inherent
conflicts with some basic flow-physical mechanisms in the traditional ap
proach. Therefore, the following hypotheses were agreed upon the partners
within the final phase of the programme:
• Turbulence modelling does not involve the dynamic, partially determi
nistic character of turbulent flows
• High-order numerical tools have to be used, and any modelling proce
dures have to be decoupled from the discretization and numerics. The
numerical methods must be verified, i.e. the numerics must be shown
to accurately solve only the employed equations, before they are 'vali
dated' by comparisons with experimental results.
• The role of boundary conditions in experiments has to be carefully
checked also for investigations of turbulence. "Turbulence levels" have
not only to be quantified but also qualified.
• Three-dimensionality and unsteadiness is often inherent in nominally
(averaged) two-dimensional, steady flows. Averaging is a critical ope
ration and is often misleading.
Unfortunately, this last step in flow physical modelling could not be rea
lised in the planned manner because of restrictions in budget. In addition,
VIII
research people performing turbulence simulations with standard methods
preferred to continue research on this basis rather than revisit fundamental
problems with improved tools. Nevertheless, the research project has been
successful within the last two years and we are sure that the validity of the
conclusions drawn for turbulence research will last.
On behalf of all Verbundschwerpunktprogramm researchers we greatly
appreciate the support by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG (the
national research council), the Ministerium fur Forschung und Technologie,
BMFT (the Ministry of Research and Technology), and by the Deutsche
Airbus AG (German Airbus).
We also want to honour the Schwerpunktprogramm contributions of di
stinct German transition researchers who passed away during the programme:
Horst Bestek, Universitat Stuttgart; Hans Bippes, and Uwe Dallman, both
DLR G6ttingen.
The articles in this book underwent a careful reviewing process; we are
grateful to the reviewers who are listed below. Likewise we are grateful to
Prof. Dr. E.H. Hirschel as the General Editor of the "Notes on Numerical
Fluid Mechanics and Multidisciplinary Design", and to the Springer-Verlag
for the opportunity to publish the results of the research program.
March 2003, S. Wagner
M. Kloker
U. Rist
IX
List of Reviewers
The following experts have spent time to review the manuscripts submitted
for publication in the present monograph.
D. Arnal, Toulouse, F F. Bertolotti, Hartford CT, USA
A. Bottaro, Toulouse, F K. Dullenkopf, Karlsruhe, D
M. Gaster, London, UK D. Hanel, Duisburg, D
A. Hanifi, Stockholm, S D. Henningson, Stockholm, S
Y. Kachanov, Novosibirsk, RUS L. Kleiser, Zurich, CH
A. Leder, Rostock, D P. Luchini, Salerno, I
W. Nitsche, Berlin, D M. Oberlack, Darmstadt, D
U. Rist, Stuttgart, D B. Ruck, Karlsruhe, D
P. Sagaut, Paris, F N. Sandham, Southampton, UK
A. Savill, Cambridge, UK P. Schmid, Seattle WA, USA
A. Schroder, Gottingen, D P. Spalart, Seattle WA, USA
C. Tropea, Darmstadt, D P. Yoke, Guildford, UK
H. Wengle, Munchen, D J. Wissink, Karlsruhe, D
W. Wuerz, Stuttgart, D I. Wygnanski, Tucson AZ, USA
On behalf of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the authors, the edi
tors would like to thank all of them for their efforts and for providing con
structive and useful remarks.
x
Contents
Invited Lectures
Y.S. KACHANOV: On a universal mechanism of turbulence
production in wall shear flows ...................................... 1
P.J. SCHMID: A general framework for stability, receptivity
and optimal control ............................................... 13
F.P. BERTOLOTTI: The equivalent forcing model for
receptivity analysis with application to the construction of
a high-performance skin perforation pattern for LFC .............. 25
1 Transition Mechanisms
P. WASSERMANN, M. KLOKER: DNS investigations on the
laminar breakdown in a three-dimensional boundary-layer
flow .............................................................. 37
F.P. BERTOLOTTI, S. HEIN, W. KOCH, A. STOLTE:
Absolute/convective instability investigation of primary
and secondary crossflow vortices .................................. 51
D.G.W. MEYER, U. RIST, S. WAGNER: Direct numerical
simulation of the development of asymmetric perturbations
at very late stages of the transition process ....................... 63
S. HERR, W. WURZ, A. WORNER, U. RIST, S. WAGNER,
A. IVANOV, Y. KACHANOV: Systematic investigations of
3D acoustic receptivity with respect to steady and unsteady
disturbances. Experiment and DNS ............................... 75
M. KLOKER, C. STEMMER: Three-dimensional steady
disturbance modes in the Blasius boundary layer -
a DNS study ...................................................... 91
XI