Object-Oriented Programming via Fortran 90 95

360 Pages·2003·2.28 MB·English

by  Ed Akin

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Object-Oriented Programming via Fortran 90/95
Learn how to write technical applications in a modern object-oriented
approachusingFortran90or95.Thisbookwillteachyouhowtostopfocusing
onthetraditionalproceduralabilitiesofFortranandtoemploytheprinciples
of object-oriented programming (OOP) to produce clear, highly efficient,
executablecodes.Getreadynowtotakeadvantageofallthefeaturesofthe
finalized,fullyobject-orientedFortran200X!
InadditiontocoveringtheOOPmethodologies,thebookcoversthebasic
foundationofthelanguageandgoodprogrammingskills,makingthebook
valuablealsoasagoodmigrationtoolforexperiencedFortranprogrammers
who want to pick up the OOP paradigm smoothly. The author highlights
commonthemesbyusingcomparisonswithMatlabandC++andusesnu-
merouscross-referencedexamplestoconveyallconceptsquicklyandclearly.
CompletecodefortheexamplesisincludedontheaccompanyingCD-ROM.
EdAkinisProfessorofMechanicalEngineeringandProfessorofCompu-
tationalandAppliedMathematicsatRiceUniversity.
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Object-Oriented Programming via
Fortran 90/95
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
ED AKIN
RiceUniversity
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CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge,New York,Melbourne,Madrid,Cape Town,Singapore,São Paulo
Cambridge University Press
40 West 20th Street,New York,NY 10011–4211,USA
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title:www.cambridge.org/9780521524087
©Ed Akin 2003
This publication is in copyright.Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2003
Reprinted 2003
Printed in the United States of America
Acatalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN-13 978-0-521-52408-7 paperback
ISBN-10 0-521-52408-3 paperback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for
the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or
third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication
and does not guarantee that any content on such
Web sites is,or will remain,accurate or appropriate.
We make no warranties,express or implied,that the programs contained in this volume
are free of error,or are consistent with any particular standard of merchantability,or that
they will meet your requirements for any particular application. They should not be relied
on for solving a problem whose incorrect solution could result in injury to a person or loss
of property. If you do use the programs in such a manner,it is at your own risk. The
authors and publisher disclaim all liability for direct or consequential damages resulting
from your use of the programs.
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Contents
Preface pageix
One. ProgramDesign 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 ProblemDefinition 4
1.3 ModularProgramDesign 6
1.4 ProgramComposition 11
1.5 ProgramEvaluationandTesting 18
1.6 ProgramDocumentation 21
1.7 Object-OrientedFormulations 21
1.8 Exercises 24
Two. DataTypes 26
2.1 IntrinsicTypes 26
2.2 User-DefinedDataTypes 28
2.3 AbstractDataTypes 31
2.4 Classes 33
2.5 Exercises 35
Three. Object-OrientedProgrammingConcepts 36
3.1 Introduction 36
3.2 Encapsulation,Inheritance,andPolymorphism 37
3.3 Object-OrientedNumericalCalculations 42
3.4 Discussion 51
3.5 Exercises 51
Four. FeaturesofProgrammingLanguages 56
4.1 Comments 57
4.2 StatementsandExpressions 57
4.3 FlowControl 63
4.4 Subprograms 76
4.5 InterfacePrototype 84
4.6 CharactersandStrings 85
4.7 User-DefinedDataTypes 92
4.8 PointersandTargets 99
4.9 AccessingExternalSourceFilesandFunctions 102
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4.10 ProceduralApplications 103
4.11 Exercises 115
Five. Object-OrientedMethods 119
5.1 Introduction 119
5.2 TheDrillClass 119
5.3 GlobalPositioningSatelliteDistances 121
5.4 Exercises 136
Six. InheritanceandPolymorphism 137
6.1 Introduction 137
6.2 SampleApplicationsofInheritance 137
6.3 Polymorphism 142
6.4 SubtypingObjects(DynamicDispatching) 152
6.5 Exercises 156
Seven. OODataStructures 157
7.1 DataStructures 157
7.2 Stacks 157
7.3 Queues 159
7.4 LinkedLists 164
7.5 Direct(Random)AccessFiles 175
7.6 Exercises 177
Eight. ArraysandMatrices 178
8.1 SubscriptedVariables:Arrays 178
8.2 Matrices 195
8.3 Exercises 206
Nine. AdvancedTopics 209
9.1 ManagingDynamicMemory 209
9.2 Large-ScaleCodeDevelopment 216
9.3 NonstandardFeatures 227
9.4 Exercises 227
AppendixA. Fortran90Overview 229
A.1 ListofLanguageTables 229
A.2 AlphabeticalTableofFortran90IntrinsicRoutines 246
A.3 SyntaxofFortran90Statements 258
AppendixB. SelectedExerciseSolutions 277
B.1 Problem1.8.1:CheckingTrigonometricIdentities 277
B.2 Problem1.8.2:Newton–RaphsonAlgorithm 278
B.3 Problem1.8.3:GameofLife 278
B.4 Problem2.5.1:ConversionFactors 280
B.5 Problem3.5.3:CreatingaVectorClass 282
B.6 Problem3.5.4:CreatingaSparseVectorClass 289
B.7 Problem3.5.5:CreatinganInventoryObject 297
B.8 Problem4.11.1:CounttheLinesinanExternalFile 299
B.9 Problem4.11.3:ComputingCPUTimeUsage 300
B.10 Problem4.11.4:ConvertingaStringtoUppercase 301
B.11 Problem4.11.8:ReadTwoValuesfromEachLineofanExternalFile 301
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B.12 Problem4.11.14:Two-lineLeast-squareFits 301
B.13 Problem4.11.15:FindtheNextAvailableFileUnit 305
B.14 Problem5.4.4:PolymorphicInterfacefortheClass‘Position Angle’ 306
B.15 Problem5.4.5:BuildinganObjectInventorySystem 307
B.16 Problem6.4.1:UsingaFunctionwiththeSameNameinTwoClasses 312
B.17 Problem6.4.3:RevisingtheEmployee–ManagerClasses 312
B.18 Problem8.3.5:DesignaTridiagonalMatrixClass 312
B.19 Problem9.1:CounttheIntegerWordMemoryLeak 317
AppendixC. CompanionC++Examples 319
C.1 Introduction 319
Bibliography 327
GlossaryofObject-OrientedTerms 329
Index 335
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Preface
There has been an explosion of interest in, and books on, object-oriented programming
(OOP).Whyhaveyetanotherbookonthesubject?Inthepastabasiceducationwasin-
tendedtoresultinmasteryofthethreer’s:reading,’riting,and’rithmetic.Todayasound
education in engineering programming leads to producing code that satisfies the four r’s:
readability,reusability,reliability,andrealefficiency.Althoughsomeobject-orientedpro-
gramminglanguageshavesomeoftheseabilities,Fortran90/95offersallofthemforengi-
neeringapplications.Thus,thisbookisintendedtotakeadifferenttackbyusingtheFortran
90/95languageasitsmainOOPtool.Withmorethan100pureandhybridobject-oriented
languagesavailable,onemustbeselectiveindecidingwhichonesmerittheeffortoflearning
toutilizethem.TherearemillionsofFortranprogrammers,andsoitislogicaltopresent
the hybrid object-oriented features of Fortran 90/95 to them to update and expand their
programming skills. This work provides an introduction to Fortran 90 as well as to OOP
concepts.Evenwiththecurrentrelease(Fortran95)wewilldemonstratethatFortranoffers
essentially all of the tools recommended for OOP techniques. It is expected that Fortran
200X will offer additional object-oriented capabilities such as declaring “extensible” (or
virtual)functions.Thus,itisexpectedthatthetoolslearnedherewillbeofvaluefarintothe
future.
Itiscommonlyagreedthatthetwo-decade-oldF77standardforthelanguagewasmiss-
ingseveralusefulandimportantconceptsofcomputersciencethatevolvedandweremade
popular after its release, but it also had a large number of powerful and useful features.
ThefollowingF90standardincludedmanyimprovementsthathaveoftenbeenoverlooked
byprogrammers.ItisfullycompatiblewithalloldF77standardcode,butitdeclaredsev-
eralfeaturesofthatstandardobsolete.Thatwasdonetoencourageprogrammerstolearn
bettermethodseventhoughthestandardstillsupportsthosenowobsoletelanguagecon-
structs.TheF90standardscommitteebroughtintothelanguagemostofthebestfeaturesof
othermorerecentlanguageslikeAda,C,C++,Eiffel,andsoforth.Inpartthoseadditions
included structures, dynamic memory management, recursion, pointers (references), and
abstractdatatypesalongwiththeirsupportingtoolsofencapsulation,inheritance,andthe
overloadingofoperatorsandroutines.Equallyimportantforthoseinvolvedinnumerical
analysis,theF90standardaddedseveralnewfeaturesforefficientarrayoperationsthatare
verysimilartothoseofthepopularMatlab environment.Mostofthosefeaturesinclude
additional options to employ logical filters on arrays. All of the new array features were
intendedforuseonvectororparallelcomputersandallowprogrammerstoavoidthebad
habitofwritingnumerousserialloops.Thecurrentstandard,F95,wentontoaddmorespe-
cificparallelarraytools,provided“pure”routinesforgeneralparalleloperations,simplified
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theuseofpointers,andmadeafewuser-friendlyrefinementsofsomeF90features.Indeed,
atthistimeonecanviewF90/95astheonlycross-platforminternationalstandardlanguage
forparallelcomputing.Thus,Fortrancontinuestobeanimportantprogramminglanguage
that richly rewards the effort of learning to take advantage of its power, clarity, and user
friendliness.
WebeginthatlearningprocessinChapter1withanoverviewofgeneralprogramming
techniques.Primarilytheolder“procedural”approachisdiscussedthere,butthechapter
closes with an outline of the newer “object” approach to programming. An experienced
programmer may want to skip directly to the last section of Chapter 1, where we outline
someobject-orientedmethods.InChapter2,weintroducetheconceptoftheabstractdata
types and their extension to classes. Chapter 3 provides a fairly detailed introduction to
theconceptsandterminologyofobject-orientedprogramming.Amuchlargersupporting
glossaryisprovidedasasupplement.
Forthesakeofcompleteness,Chapter4introduceslanguage-specificdetailsofthetopics
discussedinthefirstchapter.TheFortran90/95syntaxisusedthere,butinseveralcasescross
referencesaremadetosimilarconstructsintheC++languageandtheMatlabenvironment.
Although some readers may want to skip Chapter 4, it will help others learn the Fortran
90/95syntax,ortheymayreadrelatedpublicationsthatuseC++orMatlab.Allofthesyntax
ofFortran90isalsogiveninanappendix.
Since many Fortran applications relate to manipulating arrays or doing numerical ma-
trixanalysis,Chapter5presentsaverydetailedcoverageofthepowerfulintrinsicfeatures
Fortran90hasaddedtoprovideformoreefficientoperationswitharrays.Ithasbeendemon-
stratedintheliteraturethatobject-orientedimplementationsofscientificprojectsrequiring
intensiveoperationswitharraysexecutemuchfasterinFortran90thaninC++.SinceFortran
90wasdesignedforoperationsonvectorandparallelmachines,thatchapterencouragesthe
programmertoavoidunneededserialloopsandtoreplacethemwithmoreefficientintrinsic
arrayfunctions.ReadersnotneedingtousenumericalmatrixanalysismayskipChapter5.
Chapter 6 returns to object-oriented methods with a more detailed coverage of using
object-orientedanalysisandobject-orienteddesigntocreateclassesanddemonstrateshow
to implement them using OOP in Fortran 90. Additional Fortran 90 examples of inheri-
tance and polymorphism are given in Chapter 7. Object-oriented programs often require
the objects to be stored in some type of “container” or data structure such as a stack or
linkedlist.Fortran90object-orientedexamplesoftypicalcontainersaregiveninChapter8.
SomespecializedtopicsformoreadvancedusersaregiveninChapter9,andsobeginning
programmersmayskipthatchapter.
To summarize the two optional uses of this text: it is recommended that experienced
FortranprogrammerswishingtolearntouseOOPcoverChapters2,3,6,7,8,and9,whereas
personsstudyingFortranforthefirsttimeshouldcoverChapters1,2,3,and.Anyoneneeding
tousenumericalmatrixanalysisshouldalsoincludeChapter5.
AnOOglossaryisincludedtoaidinreadingthistextandthecurrentliteratureonOOP.
Another appendix on Fortran 90 gives an alphabetical listing of its intrinsic routines, a
subject-basedlistofthem,adetailedsyntaxofalltheF90statements,andasetofexamples
demonstratingtheuseofeverystatement.Selectedsolutionsformanyoftheassignments
are included in another appendix, along with comments on those solutions. The final ap-
pendixgivestheC++versionsofseveraloftheF90examplesinthetext.Theyareprovided
asanaidtounderstandingotherOOPliterature.SinceF90andMatlabaresosimilar,the
correspondingMatlabversionsoftendirectlyfollowtheF90examplesinthetext.