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First Amendment: Cases, Controversies, and Contexts Ruthann Robson Professor of Law & University Distinguished Professor City University of New York (CUNY) School of Law CALI eLangdell Press 2016 About  the  Author   Ruthann Robson is Professor of Law and University Distinguished Professor at the City University of New York (CUNY) School of Law. Her books include DRESSING CONSTITUTIONALLY: HIERARCHY, SEXUALITY, AND DEMOCRACY (2013); SAPPHO GOES TO LAW SCHOOL (1998); GAY MEN, LESBIANS, AND THE LAW (1996); and LESBIAN (OUT)LAW: SURVIVAL UNDER THE RULE OF LAW (1992). She is also the editor of the three volume set, INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY OF ESSAYS IN SEXUALITY & LAW (2011). She is one of two editors of the Constitutional Law Professors Blog and a frequent commentator on constitutional and sexuality issues. She is one of the 26 professors selected for inclusion in WHAT THE BEST LAW TEACHERS DO (Harvard University Press, 2013). Robson i The First Amendment Notices   This is the first edition of this casebook, updated January 2016. Visit http://elangdell.cali.org/ for the latest version and for revision history. This work by Ruthann Robson is licensed and published by CALI eLangdell Press under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0). CALI and CALI eLangdell Press reserve under copyright all rights not expressly granted by this Creative Commons license. CALI and CALI eLangdell Press do not assert copyright in US Government works or other public domain material included herein. Permissions beyond the scope of this license may be available through feedback@cali.org. In brief, the terms of that license are that you may copy, distribute, and display this work, or make derivative works, so long as you give CALI eLangdell Press and the author credit; you do not use this work for commercial purposes; and you distribute any works derived from this one under the same licensing terms as this. Suggested attribution format for original work: Ruthann Robson, First Amendment: Cases, Controversies, and Contexts, Published by CALI eLangdell Press. Available under a Creative Commons BY-NC-SA 4.0 License. CALI® and eLangdell® are United States federally registered trademarks owned by the Center for Computer-Assisted Legal Instruction. The cover art design is a copyrighted work of CALI, all rights reserved. The CALI graphical logo is a trademark and may not be used without permission. Should you create derivative works based on the text of this book or other Creative Commons materials therein, you may not use this book’s cover art and the aforementioned logos, or any derivative thereof, to imply endorsement or otherwise without written permission from CALI. This material does not contain nor is intended to be legal advice. Users seeking legal advice should consult with a licensed attorney in their jurisdiction. The editors have endeavored to provide complete and accurate information in this book. However, CALI does not warrant that the information provided is complete and accurate. CALI disclaims all liability to any person for any loss caused by errors or omissions in this collection of information. Robson ii The First Amendment About  CALI  eLangdell  Press   The Center for Computer-Assisted Legal Instruction (CALI®) is: a nonprofit organization with over 200 member US law schools, an innovative force pushing legal education toward change for the better. There are benefits to CALI membership for your school, firm, or organization. ELangdell® is our electronic press with a mission to publish more open books for legal education. How do we define "open?" • Compatibility with devices like smartphones, tablets, and e-readers; as well as print. • The right for educators to remix the materials through more lenient copyright policies. • The ability for educators and students to adopt the materials for free. Find available and upcoming eLangdell titles at elangdell.cali.org. Show support for CALI by following us on Facebook and Twitter, and by telling your friends and colleagues where you received your free book.     Robson ii i The First Amendment Preface   This Casebook is intended to be used in an upper-division course covering the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Its 14 chapters are substantially the same length, with the exception of Chapter One, the introduction, and Chapters Eleven and Twelve which in combination are the usual length. It is intended for 13 or 14 week semester that meets once or twice per week. Each Chapter contains a “Chapter Outline” at the beginning for ease of reference. The Casebook is organized with the Speech Clauses as Part One and the Religion Clauses as Part Two. Unlike many other courses, there is no accepted organizational scheme within these broad areas. As the Introduction notes, First Amendment doctrine, especially within freedom of speech, presents a varied and haphazard landscape. The Casebook follows a scheme that has proven effective in my years of teaching the course to hundreds of students. The selection of cases tends toward the most recent and these tend to be less heavily edited. These recent cases often contain extended discussions of earlier cases that are not included in the Casebook. The excerpted cases and all cases in the Notes contain the official citation. However, within the text of excerpted cases, the full citations of cases are not included: only the case name and year appears the first time the case is cited within the opinion. Moreover, case citations are not always indicated by ellipses. When content is omitted, this is indicated by this symbol: ***. This Casebook has been immeasurably improved by comments from my students in First Amendment at CUNY School of Law, especially those in the class in the Spring of 2015 when a “dry run” of the Casebook was used. Their responses to my queries (e.g., “which 5 pages did you find least helpful in this chapter?”), their engagement with the materials and original contributions, as well as their notations of typographical errors, are deeply appreciated. Robson iv The First Amendment Table  of  Contents   About  the  Author  .......................................................................................................................  i   Notices  ........................................................................................................................................  ii   About  CALI  eLangdell  Press  ................................................................................................  iii   Preface  .......................................................................................................................................  iv   Chapter  One:  INTRODUCTION  TO  THE  FIRST  AMENDMENT  .....................................  1   I.     Text  ................................................................................................................................................  1   II.     The  Clauses  ................................................................................................................................  1   A.   The  Religion  Clauses  ..............................................................................................................................  1   B.     The  Free  Speech  Clause  .......................................................................................................................  2   C.   The  Press  Clause  ......................................................................................................................................  2   D.   The  Assembly  Clause  .............................................................................................................................  2   E.     The  Petition  Clause  ................................................................................................................................  2   F.   Association:  The  “Missing”  Clause  ...................................................................................................  3   III.   International  Perspectives  ..................................................................................................  3   IV.   State  Action  and  Incorporation  Against  the  States  ......................................................  6   V.   History:  The  Firstness  of  the  First  Amendment  .............................................................  7   VI.   Theoretical  Perspectives  ......................................................................................................  8   VII.   The  Challenges  of  First  Amendment  Cases  and  Controversies  ..............................  9   VIII.   United  States  Supreme  Court  Terms:  Recent  Cases  ...............................................  11   2014-­‐2015  Term  ...........................................................................................................................................  11   2013-­‐2014  Term  ...........................................................................................................................................  12   Part  I:    The  Speech  Clauses  ................................................................................................  13   Chapter  Two:  PROTECTIONS  FOR  POLITICAL  SPEECH  .............................................  14   I.   The  Alien  and  Sedition  Acts  .................................................................................................  15   The  Alien  Act:  An  Act  Respecting  Alien  Enemies  ................................................................................................  15   The  Sedition  Act:  An  Act  in  Addition  to  the  Act,  Entitled  "An  Act  for  the  Punishment  of  Certain   Crimes  Against  the  United  States”  ............................................................................................................................  16   Notes  ......................................................................................................................................................................................  17   II.   Clear  and  Present  Dangers  .................................................................................................  18   A.   The  Challenge  of  World  War  I  ........................................................................................................  18   Schenck  v.  United  States  ................................................................................................................................................  18   Abrams  v.  United  States  ................................................................................................................................................  20   Note:  Justice  Oliver  Wendell  Holmes  .......................................................................................................................  25   Gitlow  v.  New  York  ..........................................................................................................................................................  25   Whitney  v.  California  ......................................................................................................................................................  31   Notes  ......................................................................................................................................................................................  39   B.   Labor  Unrest  ..........................................................................................................................................  40   Bridges  v.  California  ........................................................................................................................................................  40   C.   Communism  and  the  Smith  Act  ......................................................................................................  43   Dennis  v.  United  States  ..................................................................................................................................................  43   Notes  ......................................................................................................................................................................................  55   Robson v The First Amendment III.  “Offensive”  Speech  ...................................................................................................................  55   Chaplinsky  v.  New  Hampshire  ....................................................................................................................................  55   Cohen  v.  California  ...........................................................................................................................................................  57   Notes  ......................................................................................................................................................................................  62   IV.   Distinguishing  Protected  Advocacy  ...............................................................................  63   Brandenburg  v.  Ohio  .......................................................................................................................................................  63   Hess  v.  Indiana  ...................................................................................................................................................................  66   Notes  ......................................................................................................................................................................................  69   Note:  The  Heckler’s  Veto  ...............................................................................................................................................  69   V.      “Political”  Speech  in  the  Age  of  “Terrorism”  ...............................................................  70   Holder  v.  Humanitarian  Law  Project  ......................................................................................................................  70   Notes  ......................................................................................................................................................................................  87   Chapter  Three:  OF  CONDUCT,  CONTENT,  AND  CATEGORIES  ..................................  88   I.     Defining  Expression  ..............................................................................................................  89   United  States  v.  O’Brien  .................................................................................................................................................  89   Spence  v.  Washington  ....................................................................................................................................................  93   Texas  v.  Johnson  ................................................................................................................................................................  98   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  107   II.   Hate  Speech  ...........................................................................................................................  109   R.A.V.  v.  St.  Paul  ..............................................................................................................................................................  109   Wisconsin  v.  Mitchell  ...................................................................................................................................................  120   Virginia  v.  Black  .............................................................................................................................................................  124   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  139   Note:  “True  Threats”  ....................................................................................................................................................  140   III.   Considering  “Content”  in  the  Context  of  the  Military  .............................................  142   Schacht  v.  United  States  .............................................................................................................................................  142   United  States  v.  Alvarez  ..............................................................................................................................................  144   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  156   Note:  Developing  a  Structural  Analysis  of  Free  Speech  Issues  ..................................................................  157   Chapter  Four:  THE  SPECIAL  (OR  NOT)  STATUS  OF  THE  PRESS  ..........................  158   I.   Prior  Restraint  .......................................................................................................................  159   Near  v.  Minnesota  .........................................................................................................................................................  159   New  York  Times  Co.  v.  United  States  ....................................................................................................................  164   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  167   II.   The  Press  as  Guardian  of  the  Public’s  Right  to  Know?  ............................................  169   A.   The  Press  v.  Criminal  Defendants  ..............................................................................................  169   Sheppard  v.  Maxwell  ....................................................................................................................................................  169   Nebraska  Press  Assn.  v.  Stuart  ................................................................................................................................  181   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  188   B.   The  Press  as  a  Party  in  Civil  Litigation  ....................................................................................  189   Seattle  Times  Co.  v.  Rhinehart  .................................................................................................................................  189   C.   Access  by  the  Press  ...........................................................................................................................  194   Note:  “Public  Proceedings”  .......................................................................................................................................  194   Houchins  v.  KQED,  Inc.  ................................................................................................................................................  195   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  205   D.     (Un)lawful  Information  .................................................................................................................  206   Note:  Bartnicki  v.  Vopper  ..........................................................................................................................................  206   E.     Reporters’  “privilege”  .....................................................................................................................  207   Branzburg  v.  Hayes  ......................................................................................................................................................  207   Cohen  v.  Cowles  Media  Co.  .........................................................................................................................................  211   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  214   III.   Direct  Regulations  of  the  Press  .....................................................................................  215   Robson v i The First Amendment The  Florida  Star  v.  B.  J.  F  ............................................................................................................................................  215   Miami  Herald  Publishing  Co.  v.  Tornillo  .............................................................................................................  219   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  223   Note:  Taxation  of  the  Press  .......................................................................................................................................  224   IV.   Freedom  of  the  Press  and  Tort  Actions  .......................................................................  225   A.   Defamation  ..........................................................................................................................................  225   New  York  Times  Co.  v.  Sullivan  ...............................................................................................................................  225   Gertz  v.  Robert  Welch,  Inc.  ........................................................................................................................................  234   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  243   B.     Other  Torts  .........................................................................................................................................  245   Time,  Inc.  v.  Hill  ..............................................................................................................................................................  245   Hustler  Magazine  v.  Falwell  .....................................................................................................................................  249   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  254   Chapter  Five:  GOVERNMENT  AS  EMPLOYER  AND  EDUCATOR  ............................  255   I.   The  Politics  of  Public  Employment  .................................................................................  256   Civil  Service  Commission  v.  National  Association  of  Letter  Carriers  ......................................................  256   Branti  v.  Finkel  ...............................................................................................................................................................  263   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  272   II.   Protecting  Public  Employee  Speech  ..............................................................................  273   A.   Foundational  Tests  ...........................................................................................................................  273   Pickering  v.  Board  of  Education  of  Township  High  School  District  205,  Will  County,  Illinois  ....  273   Mt.  Healthy  City  Board  of  Ed.  v.  Doyle  ..................................................................................................................  280   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  284   B.   Applying  and  modifying  the  tests  ..............................................................................................  285   Givhan  v.  Western  Line  Consol.  School  Dist.  ......................................................................................................  285   Connick  v.  Myers  ............................................................................................................................................................  286   Rankin  v.  McPherson  ...................................................................................................................................................  295   San  Diego  v.  Roe  .............................................................................................................................................................  302   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  305   C.   Public  Employee  Speech  in  the  Roberts  Court  .....................................................................  306   Garcetti  v.  Ceballos  .......................................................................................................................................................  306   Lane  v.  Franks  .................................................................................................................................................................  317   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  323   III.     Student  Speech  ...................................................................................................................  324   Tinker  v.  Des  Moines  Independent  Community  School  District  ................................................................  324   Bethel  School  District  No.  403  v.  Fraser  ..............................................................................................................  331   Hazelwood  School  District  v.  Kuhlmeier  .............................................................................................................  337   Morse  v.  Frederick  .........................................................................................................................................................  343   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  352   Note:  Curriculum  ...........................................................................................................................................................  353   Chapter  Six:  UNCONSTITUTIONAL  CONDITIONS  AND  COMPELLED  SPEECH  ..  354   I.   Unconstitutional  Conditions  and  Speech  ......................................................................  355   Rust  v.  Sullivan  ...............................................................................................................................................................  355   Legal  Services  Corporation  v.  Velazquez  ............................................................................................................  364   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  372   II.   Compelled  Speech  ...............................................................................................................  373   A.   Foundational  Cases  of  Compelled  Speech  ..............................................................................  373   West  Virginia  Board  of  Education  v.  Barnette  .................................................................................................  373   Wooley  v.  Maynard  .......................................................................................................................................................  381   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  385   B.     Fees  and  Dues  ....................................................................................................................................  385   Keller  v.  State  Bar  of  California  ..............................................................................................................................  385   Robson vi i The First Amendment Board  of  Regents  of  the  University  of  Wisconsin  System  v.  Southworth  ...............................................  389   Johanns  v.  Livestock  Marketing  Ass’n  ...................................................................................................................  393   Harris  v.  Quinn  ...............................................................................................................................................................  397   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  416   C.   Compelled  Speech  and  Association  ...........................................................................................  417   Hurley  v.  Irish-­‐American  Gay,  Lesbian  &  Bisexual    Group  of  Boston  ......................................................  417   Boy  Scouts  of  America  v.  Dale  ..................................................................................................................................  422   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  436   III.   Combining  Unconstitutional  Conditions  and  Compelled  Speech  ......................  437   Rumsfeld  v.  Forum  for  Academic  and  Institutional  Rights,  Inc.  ...............................................................  437   Agency  for  International  Development  v.  Alliance  for  Open  Society  International,  Inc.  ...............  444   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  452   Chapter  Seven:  FORUMS  AND  TIME,  PLACE,  MANNER  RESTRICTIONS  ............  454   I.   Historical  Perspectives  on  Public  Assembly  and  Public  Forums  ..........................  455   Note:  The  Assembly  Clause  ........................................................................................................................................  455   Davis  v.  Commonwealth  of  Massachusetts  .........................................................................................................  456   Hague  v.  Committee  for  Industrial  Organization  [CIO]  ...............................................................................  457   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  460   II.   Public  and  Other  Forums  ..................................................................................................  461   Southeastern  Promotions,  Ltd.  v.  Conrad  ...........................................................................................................  461   Perry  Education  Assn.  v.  Perry  Local  Educators'  Assn.  .................................................................................  468   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  475   Christian  Legal  Society  Chapter  of  the  University  of  California,  Hastings  College  of  the  Law  v.   Martinez  ............................................................................................................................................................................  476   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  490   Note:  Trespassing  in  a  Public  Forum?  ..................................................................................................................  491   III.   Time,  Place,  or  Manner  ....................................................................................................  493   Ward  v.  Rock  Against  Racism  ..................................................................................................................................  493   McCullen  v.  Coakley  ......................................................................................................................................................  503   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  522   Note:  Funeral  Protests  ................................................................................................................................................  522   IV.  The  Distinct  Problems  Posed  by  Signage  Regulations  ...............................................  524   City  Council  v.  Taxpayers  for  Vincent  ...................................................................................................................  524   Reed  v.  Town  of  Gilbert  ...............................................................................................................................................  532   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  546   V.  The  “Escape  Clause”  of  Government  Speech  ...................................................................  546   Pleasant  Grove  City  v.  Summum  .............................................................................................................................  546   Walker  v.  Texas  Division,  Sons  of  Confederate  Veterans  .............................................................................  556   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  568   Chapter  Eight:  THE  POLITICAL  PROCESS  ...................................................................  570   I.   Anonymity  and  Political  Life  .............................................................................................  571   NAACP.  v.  Alabama  .......................................................................................................................................................  571   McIntyre  v.  Ohio  Elections  Comm'n  .......................................................................................................................  576   Watchtower  Bible  &  Tract  Society  of  New  York,  Inc.  v.  Village  of  Stratton  ........................................  585   Doe  v.  Reed  .......................................................................................................................................................................  594   Notes  ...................................................................................................................................................................................  607   II.   Campaign  Finance  ...............................................................................................................  608   Note:  Timeline  of  First  Amendment  Campaign  Finance  Cases  .................................................................  610   Note:  Buckley  v.  Valeo  .................................................................................................................................................  613   Citizens  United  v.  Federal  Election  Commission  ..............................................................................................  615   McCutcheon  v.  Federal  Election  Commission  ....................................................................................................  623   Note:  “Dark  Money”  Anonymity,  Disclosure,  and  Campaign  Finance  ....................................................  652   Robson vi ii The First Amendment

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