Table Of ContentAdvances in Science, Technology & Innovation
IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development
Ferdinando Trapani · Nabil Mohareb ·
Federica Rosso · Denia Kolokotsa ·
Sreetheran Maruthaveeran · Mahmoud Ghoneem Editors
Advanced Studies
in Efficient
Environmental Design
and City Planning
Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation
IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable
Development
Editorial Board
Anna Laura Pisello, Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Italy
Dean Hawkes, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
Hocine Bougdah, University for the Creative Arts, Farnham, UK
Federica Rosso, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Hassan Abdalla, University of East London, London, UK
Sofia-Natalia Boemi, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece
Nabil Mohareb, Faculty of Architecture - Design and Built Environment,
Beirut Arab University, Beirut, Lebanon
Saleh Mesbah Elkaffas, Arab Academy for Science, Technology, Egypt
Emmanuel Bozonnet, University of la Rochelle, La Rochelle, France
Gloria Pignatta, University of Perugia, Italy
Yasser Mahgoub, Qatar University, Qatar
Luciano De Bonis, University of Molise, Italy
Stella Kostopoulou, Regional and Tourism Development, University of Thessaloniki,
Thessaloniki, Greece
Biswajeet Pradhan, Faculty of Engineering and IT, University of Technology Sydney,
Sydney, Australia
Md. Abdul Mannan, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak, Malaysia
Chaham Alalouch, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
Iman O. Gawad, Helwan University, Egypt
Anand Nayyar , Graduate School, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
Series Editor
Mourad Amer, International Experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange
(IEREK), Cairo, Egypt
Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation (ASTI) is a series of peer-reviewed books
based on important emerging research that redefines the current disciplinary boundaries in
science, technology and innovation (STI) in order to develop integrated concepts for
sustainable development. It not only discusses the progress made towards securing more
resources, allocating smarter solutions, and rebalancing the relationship between nature and
people, but also provides in-depth insights from comprehensive research that addresses the
17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) as set out by the UN for 2030.
The series draws on the best research papers from various IEREK and other international
conferences to promote the creation and development of viable solutions for a sustainable
future and a positive societal transformation with the help of integrated and innovative
science-based approaches. Including interdisciplinary contributions, it presents innovative
approaches and highlights how they can best support both economic and sustainable
development, through better use of data, more effective institutions, and global, local and
individual action, for the welfare of all societies.
The series particularly features conceptual and empirical contributions from various
interrelated fields of science, technology and innovation, with an emphasis on digital
transformation,thatfocusonprovidingpracticalsolutionstoensurefood,waterandenergy
securitytoachievetheSDGs.Italsopresentsnewcasestudiesofferingconcreteexamplesof
how to resolve sustainable urbanization and environmental issues in different regions of the
world.
Theseriesisintendedforprofessionalsinresearchandteaching,consultanciesandindustry,
and government and international organizations. Published in collaboration with IEREK, the
Springer ASTI series will acquaint readers with essential new studies in STI for sustainable
development.
ASTI series has now been accepted for Scopus (September 2020). All content published
in this series will start appearing on the Scopus site in early 2021.
More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/15883
(cid:1) (cid:1)
Ferdinando Trapani Nabil Mohareb
(cid:1) (cid:1)
Federica Rosso Denia Kolokotsa
(cid:1)
Sreetheran Maruthaveeran
Mahmoud Ghoneem
Editors
Advanced Studies in Efficient
Environmental Design
and City Planning
123
Editors
Ferdinando Trapani NabilMohareb
Department ofArchitecture Faculty of Architectural Engineering
University of Palermo Beirut Arab University
Palermo, Italy Beirut, Lebanon
Federica Rosso Denia Kolokotsa
Department ofCivil, Construction Department ofEnvironmental Engineering
andEnvironmental Engineering Technical University of Crete
Sapienza University of Rome Chania, Greece
Rome, Italy
MahmoudGhoneem
Sreetheran Maruthaveeran Department ofArchitecture
Department ofLandscape Architecture Faculty of FineArts
Faculty of DesignandArchitecture HelwanUniversity
Universiti PutraMalaysia Helwan, Egypt
Serdang,Malaysia
ISSN 2522-8714 ISSN 2522-8722 (electronic)
Advances in Science, Technology &Innovation
IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development
ISBN978-3-030-65180-0 ISBN978-3-030-65181-7 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65181-7
©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNature
SwitzerlandAG2021
Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeor
part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformationstorageand
retrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafter
developed.
Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublicationdoesnot
imply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsand
regulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse.
Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbookarebelieved
tobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,
expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeen
made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional
affiliations.
ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG
Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland
’
Series Editor s Foreword
The world is in the midst of a disturbance of growth, consuming populations, and environ-
mental degradation which produces many environmental challenges such as global climate
change,excessivefossilfueldependency,andthegrowingdemandforenergy.Alloftheseare
likely to be major challenges and one of the greatest problems facing humanity, nowadays.
The majority of the world cities are confronted with similar and comparable challenges,
including—for instance—increases in resource consumption, mobility demand, pollution,
urban sprawl, social inequities, water degradation, recycling issues, erosion offertile topsoil,
and depletion of ecosystems. Since its early days, the discourse around “smart cities” has
included environmental sustainability as one of its core principles.
In this context, environmental design is the fundamental principle of how to shape our
cities. Almost half of the energy consumed is used in cities and urban built-up areas, that’s
why it is necessary to avoid mistakes in urban design at early stages in order to retain more
sustainablecities.CityplanningwithintheapproachofGreenUrbanismreflectsuponpractical
strategies focusing on increasing sustainability beyond and within the scope of individual
buildings.
This book on Advanced Studies in Efficient Environmental Design and City Planning
discusses how urbanism is affected by the paradigms of ecology and how smart and green
concepts, systems, and interventions could truly contribute to the construction, management,
operation, adaptation and maintenance of sustainable and resilient cities, in the framework of
both new urban developments and the transformation of existing urban environments.
The significance of this book lies within the pressing need for the integration of sustain-
ability principles in the urban design process of cities and the general need for a sustainable
city development. It will be of particular relevance to the rapid urban growth of developing
cities. As within the book’s theme, the metaphor of Green Urbanism should inspire our
imaginationandreflectiontowardsustainableandresilienturbanism.Itisareferenceforthose
interested in taking an action toward the environmental issues, helping them to develop their
proposals in city planning and its revolutions to be more sustainable.
Cairo, Egypt Mourad Amer
v
fi
Scienti c Committee
Ahmed Abouaiana, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Alessandro D’Amico, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Caitilin deBerigny, University in Sydney, Australia
Cristoforo Cattivera, University of Sapienza Roma, Italy
Dario Esposito, Kore Enna University, Italy
Denia Kolokotsa, Technical University of Crete, Greece
Elena Montacchini, Polytechnic University, Italy
Elisa Privitera, University of Catania, Italy
Elisavet Tsekeri, Technical University of Crete
Eslam Elsamahy, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon
Federica Rosso, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Ferdinando Trapani, University of Palermo, Italy
Francesco Cappa, LUISS University, Rome, Italy
Francesco Rossini, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Gianluigi Pirrera (Aipin Efib), AIPIN Italian Association for Naturalistic
Engineering—European Federation of Soil Bioengineering (E.F.I.B.), Florence, Italy
Gioia Gibelli, International Association for Landscape Ecology (Siep Iale), Italy
Giuseppe Salvo, University of Palermo, Italy
Giuseppina Pappalardo, University of Catania, Italy
Hazem Ewais, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
Joseph Agyei Danquah, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research—Building and Road
Research Institute (CSIR—BRRI), Ghana
Katerina Lilli, Technical University of Crete
Kostas Gompakis, Technical University of Crete
Letizia Appolloni, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Mahmoud Ghoneem, University of Helwan, Egypt
Maria Panta, Arkin University of Creative Arts and Design, North Cyprus
Mary Nabil Felix, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon
Mohamed Assem Hanafi, Alexandria University, Egypt
Nabil Mohareb, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon
Nikos Kampelis, Technical University of Crete
Silvia Tedesco, Polytechic University, Italy
Simona Mannucci, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
Sreetheran Maruthaveeran, University of Putra, Malaysia
vii
Acknowledgements
Wewouldliketothanktheauthorsoftheresearchpapersthatwereselectedforadditioninthis
book. We would also like to thank the reviewers who contributed with their knowledge and
constructive feedback in hopes of ensuring the manuscript is of the best quality possible.
AspecialthanksgoestotheEditorsofthisbookfortheirforesightinorganizingthisvolume
and diligence in doing a professional job in editing it. Finally, we would like to express our
appreciation to the IEREK team for supporting the publication of the best research papers
submitted to the conference.
ix
Introduction
It is safe to acknowledge that the field of sustainability, a newly emergent and multidisci-
plinary field, is rapidly evolving. Having gained momentum and proved its standing over the
years, it is a pivotal response to rapid urbanization, specifically in cities of the developing
world,inadditiontoutterdependenceonfiniteenergysupplywithanever-increasingdemand,
combined with potential damage to the world’s environmental health through effluent gas
emissionsandclimate change. Consequently, theworldisleftwithan urgentneedtoaddress
energy efficiency related issues by presenting the combined strategies and management
frameworks of urban planning, architecture and construction to overcome challenges of
mobility demand, pollution, urban sprawl, social inequities, water degradation, recycling
issues, fertile topsoil erosion, and ecosystem exhaustion.
Thus, to deem a successful city as such, it must respond to the needs of the economy,
environment, and society by offering resilient infrastructure, security, and efficiency. In this
publication, the authors explore the relationship between city planning and energy con-
sumption, identifying, as a result, the factors affecting energy efficiency at, both, the micro-
and macro-levels. As main components of energy-efficient cities, energy-efficient buildings
andsystemsrepresentakeyareaforclimatechangemitigationandreductionofglobalenergy
consumption. In part one of this book on Energy and Smart Systems, the authors present
comprehensive and significant research on passive and active design technologies, smart
automation technologies, and shading device systems; all of which lay a solid foundation for
green building and environmental efficiency. The chapters titled “Multivariable Coupling
Influence on Energy-Efficient Skylight Design”, “Performance of L-shaped Mini Louvers in
Tropical Cities in Cooling Energy Reduction: Case Study of Mumbai, Mexico City, and
Lagos” and “The Effect of Shading Devices with Integrated Photovoltaics on Energy
EfficiencyofBuildings”demonstratemultipleanddiverseenergyefficiencymeasures,coupled
with renewable energy sources, such as photovoltaic integrated shading devices, simple
L-shaped mini louvers, design of skylights with exterior shades, which could significantly
improve energy performance and reduce electricity consumption and carbon emissions in
residential and office buildings.
This book further delves into strategies and measures taken to advance into efficient
environmental design, planning and sustainable development at a city-scale level. In its
chapters, authors set conditions for the governance of megaprojects to ensure their sustain-
ability as they focus on environmental, socio-economic, institutional sustainable strategies.
That being said, and with the existence of various urban sustainability measurements and
indicators,questions relating totheaccuracy ofthesemethodsandtheirlimitationscannot be
overlooked and may deliver useful insight into the assessment of city performance. Thus,
analyses of informal settlements in Africa and Asia are undertaken with the aim to develop a
morecomprehensiveunderstandingofinformalsettlements,establishanunderstandingofthe
community’s needs and how addressing those needs can eventually contribute to the
achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and advise future development strategies
in developing countries.
xi
xii Introduction
Through international case studies from Libya, India, New York, London, Paris, Tokyo,
Algiers, Amman, and more, the authors develop plans and propose strategies to contribute to
the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals. In the chapter titled “The Sustainable
Strategy to Create Decentralized Economic Hubs for Regional Development”, the decentral-
ization strategy is put forward which is based on providing economic hubs to support and
integrate with the medium- and small-scale cities by providing the missing core services for
the region, while the chapter on “Innovative Sustainable Strategies to Mobility and Urban
Transport Problems in Benghazi”, the ASI (Avoid, Shift and Improve) and TOD
(Transit-Oriented Development),aimstohelp cutdown transport costs,reduce pollution,and
achieve high quality and sustainable mobility and urban transport systems.
Inanendeavortorespondtomajorurbanenvironmentalandsocietalchallenges,througha
reduction of the ecological footprint, adaptation to climate change and promotion of health,
Urban Green Infrastructure (GI) has been developed as a strategic planning approach. In
Urban Landscapes and Green Infrastructure, the authors examine current inequalities in the
distribution and access to green spaces, innovate processes of transforming green waste, and
attempttointegrateinformalsettlementsthroughtheuseoflandscape.Theaforementioned,in
realizing current pressures on green spaces due to urban sprawl, derelict land, and infill
development, concluded a major contribution to the conservation and enhancement of bio-
diversity and environmental quality, promotion of social cohesion and adaptation of cities to
climate change—an inevitable and global phenomenon with impact on urban life.
In exploring the role of green infrastructures and the environment in adapting cities for
climatechange,theimportanceandfunctionalityofurbangreenspaces,oftenoverlookedand
undervalued, are highlighted. The impact of climate change has already become more
noticeable over the years. Endured by the people and the built infrastructure, the damage of
heat waves, flooding, physical illnesses, wildfires and more, also disrupted the built envi-
ronment. The Climate and the Environment explores the potential of greening, urban climate
modelingandbuildingthermalperformanceenhancementandefficiencyinsupportingclimate
change adaptation of urban environments. In this section, the need to work at local levels to
develop Climate Action Plans and take community-wide action is discussed. Not only a
contributortowasteheat,CO emissionsandclimatechange,thevastexpansionoftheglobal
2
urban population accompanied by the dynamic growth of cities has resulted in implications
and environmental degradation, in part, due to the unbalanced urban integration of urban
infrastructure into the urban fabric. Furthermore, these impacts may be further aggravated by
poorly ventilated urban fabrics and dense morphologies making it a necessity to address
currentenvironmentalimplications,explorenewandinnovativemitigationstrategies,andalter
the way cities are evolving.
Existingtheoriesofsustainabledevelopment,intheirjourneystowardthesustainable city,
have failed to address human-oriented transportation systems which consists of healthy
neighborhoods, integrated public-soft transportation networks, and transit-oriented develop-
ment.Forthisreason,researchersinthisvolumecomeupwithbrandingstrategiesforcitiesin
rural areas and develop models for integrating human-oriented transportation system frame-
works as regeneration tools for healthy neighborhoods and communities.
Cairo, Egypt Mourad Amer
