Table Of Contentd
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a Writing as
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he Medication
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m in Early Modern
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i and Medical Culture
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d
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tt BibliografischeInformationderDeutschenNationalbibliothek
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r DieDeutscheNationalbibliothekverzeichnetdiesePublikation
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p inderDeutschenNationalbibliografie;
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se detailliertebibliografischeDatensindimInternet
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r überhttp://dnb.d-nb.deabrufbar.
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p umschlagbild
he MotivausPetrusdeMontagnanafrom(pseudo-)Ketham,FasiculodeMedicina,Venice:
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m Zuane&GregoriodiGregorii,1494.
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es isbn978-3-8253-6714-5
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gh DiesesWerkeinschließlichallerseinerTeileisturheberrechtlichgeschützt.Jede
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r VerwertungaußerhalbderengenGrenzendesUrheberrechtsgesetzesistohne
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l ZustimmungdesVerlagesunzulässigundstrafbar.Dasgiltinsbesonderefür
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. Vervielfältigungen,Übersetzungen,MikroverfilmungenunddieEinspeicherung
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te undVerarbeitunginelektronischenSystemen.
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© 2017. Universitätsverlag Wi or applicable copyright law. uDwGD©Imnweer2dupndw0crra.1Vikuwlm7te:cieMrkénUrlttaueneegannmriuv-geAvefmsrebrrulirsleenmeliisatgmcätwgheät.aersendgvlndeMtnefiSergreleiead·eumgiPniemrWndPinClaiiItncpneehtintdeeeetrrmrri.nnuG,emGcmth,eub8lronH7mrt7efa0Hrren0:eiyMigdeeebmlblemeircighntgeemn
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AN: 2041050 ; Heitsch, Dorothea.; Writing As Medication in Early Modern France : Literary Consciousness
and Medical Culture
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u Contents
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ex Acknowledgments...........................................................................................................vii
,
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e
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is Introduction.......................................................................................................................1
l
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u Methodology.............................................................................................................10
p
he ChapterSummaries...................................................................................................13
t
m LeoneEbreo’sDialoghid’amore:AppealandReception........................................16
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f
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io 1 Medico-PhilosophicalConceptsinLeoneEbreo’sDialoghid’amore.....................25
s
s
i LoveandCognitioninPico,Ficino,andEbreo........................................................27
m
r
pe CognitionasCopulationintheDialoghid’amore—Embodied
t
u Knowledge-Making.............................................................................................34
o
h
it AnimaAppetens–MatingSoulandTransmigration.................................................41
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m ConclusionandOutlook............................................................................................47
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o
f
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an 2 FemaleLove-Melancholy:HélisennedeCrenne,Galen,andtheDolceStil
n
i Novo....................................................................................................................51
d
ce Love’sCauseandItsEffectonHélisenne................................................................57
u
d
o Love,Melancholy,andtheImagination....................................................................60
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p
re Love,Melancholy,andtheDolceStilNovo.............................................................66
be EncounteringtheOther’sGaze.................................................................................70
t
no Conclusion:Diagnosis,PotentialCure,andLiteraryInspiration..............................74
y
a
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. 3 Death,Resurrection,andtheAnatomyofEpistemoninFrançoisRabelais’s
d
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rv Pantagruel...........................................................................................................79
e
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e Literal:Epistemon’sDeathandResurrection—ThePanurgicCure.........................83
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ts Allegorical:Epistemon’sAnatomy...........................................................................85
h
ig Tropological:LiteraryContextandMoralSignificance...........................................87
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ll TowardanAnagogicalInterpretation:
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. A.‘Arabist’and‘Anti-Arabist’MedicalPractitioners........................................89
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t TowardanAnagogicalInterpretation:
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© 2017. Universitätsverlag Wi or applicable copyright law. 4 ACAARoennJnnaoBaIagcnumi.lofsruSiognssnauyieiiconymrtaesncltpe.:Mh(.h1.(rS.oSo5i.on.ru5p.uid.g5ie.lr:.nh)-.i.MSt..uCt..eh..aa..ahe..lur..a)..crCm..Pih..c..oa..ipe..nsn..im..geSa..r..cco..a..eaèsn..a..nvd..(..deao..N’..nf..Fs..da..LrM..ta..tou..nh..ivr..cçea..e..rol..)So..i:P..suc..T..hocR....ircs..laam..eo..nbs..se..seso..m..l(p..oa1..hii..f5..gsi..P6.c..r...aaa2......tnl)...i...uoP........rno....g....e....ie....nt....’r....s....yL........W’..........a..........ma.....g.........o.e.........u.r.........r.............d............e............s...........................................................................111...990091261680
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vi
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t AmbiguousMediators:Demons,Plants,Animals,andPhilosophyinRonsard’s
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er Hymnes(1555,1556)and“Lechat”(1569)......................................................118
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s TheAll-EncompassingProtestantSoulinDuBartas’sCreation(1578,1584)......126
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u RenéBretonnayauandtheCosmicTempleoftheSoul(1583)..............................133
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ai Conclusion...............................................................................................................137
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xc 5 ConstitutionoftheFemaleAuthor:FromTemperamenttoAlchemyinthe
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, WorkofMariedeGournay...............................................................................141
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sh Temperament,Complexion,Character...................................................................142
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bl JuanHuartedeSanJuanandtheExaminationofMen’sWits................................145
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e AlchemyandGender...............................................................................................150
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t MariedeGournayasPractitionerofAlchemy........................................................152
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r AlchemyandWriting:TransmutingTexts,TransmutingRelationships................156
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on AlchemicalImages—AndrogynousSouls..............................................................164
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s Conclusion:AndrogynousSoulsasPoliticalConcepts..........................................169
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t 6 EvacuativeStrategiesinJacquesDuboisandMicheldeMontaigne......................173
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th JacquesDubois(JacobusSylvius)andMesue’sOpera..........................................176
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w MedicalPractice:DrugsandPurgingintheEssais................................................182
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o OccultForceandQuintessence:TheAmbiguousNatureofRhubarb....................188
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ny PurgingBodyandSoul:Montaigne’sEmbodiedCognition...................................190
a
n Exemplum,Consilium,Observatio,HistoriaMontani............................................196
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ed Conclusion:EvacuativeStrategiesandSpiritualExercise......................................200
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u
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ep Conclusion....................................................................................................................205
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e LiteraryConsciousnessandMedicalCulture..........................................................212
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y Bibliography.................................................................................................................217
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ve IndexNominum............................................................................................................251
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s IndexRerum..................................................................................................................259
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AN: 2041050 ; Heitsch, Dorothea.; Writing As Medication in Early Modern France : Literary Consciousness
and Medical Culture
Account: s7167233
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u Acknowledgments
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ex Thisbookbegantotakeshapeattheendofonemillenniumandhascarriedforwardinto
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r another one. It is the fruit of many readings, discussions, papers, conversations, and
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is thought exchanges with friends, colleagues, family members, and the research com-
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u munity at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. It is also indebted to the
p
he ongoingdevelopmentsinmorethanonefieldofintellectualinquiry.Ithasgainedfrom
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m my access to Davis and Wilson libraries at UNC and to their helpful staff as well as to
o
r
f the Houghton Library, the Harvard Medical Library, the Pierpoint Morgan Library, the
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io Osler Library at McGill University, the Library at the Université de Montréal, and the
s
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i BibliothèqueNationaledeFrance.ForitsmaterialcomingintobeingIwouldliketothank
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pe theUniversityResearchCouncilatUNCforapublicationgrantaswellastheChapman
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u FamilyFellowshipforaresearchfund.
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it Mypersonalthanksgotomyfirstreader,LeslieBalkany,toTomConleyforenabling
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m metoshareapartoftheprojectwithhisRenaissanceseminaratHarvardUniversity,to
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f EckhardKesslerforclarifyingaspectsofthesoulforme,toHeinrichKuhnforinviting
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an metodiscussthesoulattheInstituteforRenaissanceIntellectualHistoryandPhilosophy
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i attheUniversitätMünchen,toHanneloreJarauschforgivingmeacourseschedulethat
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ce helped me to focus on research, and to Kathleen Long for publishing a previous incar-
u
d
o nationofonepartofthisproject.WithherskillsasacopyeditorJessicaRyansmoothed
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p
re many a wrinkle, including those of my bibliography. Anne Zwierlein and Rainer Emig
be have my gratitude for accepting this manuscript in their series at Winter Verlag in
t
no Heidelberg as do Andreas Barth, Ralph Stemper, and Kathrin Sternberger for seeing it
ay throughproduction.
M
. ThisbookisdedicatedtoHassanMelehy.
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AN: 2041050 ; Heitsch, Dorothea.; Writing As Medication in Early Modern France : Literary Consciousness
and Medical Culture
Account: s7167233
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© 2017. Universitätsverlag Wi or applicable copyright law. ZFiugaunree&1.GPeretrguosridoedMiGonretaggonriain,a14f9ro4m. (pseudo-)Ketham,FasiculodeMedicina.Venice:
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AN: 2041050 ; Heitsch, Dorothea.; Writing As Medication in Early Modern France : Literary Consciousness
and Medical Culture
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AN: 2041050 ; Heitsch, Dorothea.; Writing As Medication in Early Modern France : Literary Consciousness
and Medical Culture
Account: s7167233
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u Introduction
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ex Intheessay“Del’oisiveté”MicheldeMontaignedrawsanextendedcomparisonbetween
,
r overlyfertilesoilsthatneedtobeputtoworkthroughseeds,women’sbodiesthatrequire
e
h
is semeninordertoproducechildren,andmindsthatmustbeoccupiedbyadefinitesubject
l
b
u inordernottorunwild.Recentlyretired,asheexpressesit,hefoundthathisidlemind
p
he gave birth to so many imaginings that he decided to write them down hoping to shame
t
m his mind in time. The Essais are thus a symptom, diagnosis, and remedy in addition to
o
r
f being a potential poison because they prolong and indulge the folly that Montaigne
n
io intendstocure.Likewise,HélisennedeCrenne,inhernovelLesangoyssesdouloureuses
s
s
i quiprocedentd’amours,illustratesthemanytormentsthatlovecancausebyspinninga
m
r
pe skillful net of fiction drawn from epic quests, love treatises, confessions, and medico-
t
u poeticdiscourses.Thoughthetitlepageexplicitlymentionsthetherapeuticintentofthis
o
h
it work,thatis,topreventreadersfromsuccumbingtolovesickness,theauthor’svirtuosity
w
m in prolonging the pleasure of writing and reading is such that subsequent editions rein-
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f forcethewarningthroughalittlemoralpoem.FrançoisRabelaiselaboratesthisideaeven
y
an moreintheprologuetoGargantuainwhich,intheguiseofthequackAlcofribasNasier,
n
i he advertises his outwardly lascivious book as a precious pill box whose content may
d
ce haveharmfulandbeneficialeffects.Montaigne,Rabelais,andCrenneallsharethisambi-
u
d
o valentperspectiveonwritingthatislinkedtothenotionofthepharmakon,bothpoison
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p
re andremedy,familiarfromPlato’sPhaedrus,inwhichThothofferswritingasamemory
be aidtoKingThamus,whothenrefusesitbecauseitfurthersforgetfulness.Thetherapeutic
t
no and detrimental aspects of putting pen to paper thus have a long tradition that many
ay Renaissancewritersandreadersexplore.Theexplorationtakesplaceinthecontextofthe
M
. immensegrowthofthetheoryandpracticeofmedicineinthesixteenthcentury,1inwhich
d
e
rv the term ‘medication’ becomes a word of central importance, developing a range of
e
s
e meanings until it receives its modern sense of curing, salving, and healing in Randle
r
ts Cotgrave’sDictionarieoftheFrenchandEnglishTongues(1611).
h
ig MorethanhalfacenturybeforeCotgrave,CharlesEstienne,inhisDictionnairefran-
r
ll çais-latin (1539), had translated the French ‘mistionnement,’ a term used to describe
A
. mixing,withtwoLatinequivalents,thefirst‘adulteratio’(corruptedmixture),thesecond
r
e
t ‘medicatio’ (a therapeutic substance). In his Dictionarium latinogallicum published the
n
© 2017. Universitätsverlag Wi or applicable copyright law. GJb1Ka‘pmomrrIrnaeuauoenbvrfswdctniieoghoeaintenculuhsgiofseano:ounyertfTesdmetr,kohamNnewerson,a‘aiHwntmnhr’idclceseeysaetddohniagSracdtyeiidhHrn,aoteesighifsu’sietSicvwoR’chsresiieieetnacenhncsadatcolcimwietansSeueosd2dodta6icFionbv.ci4nroceoienl,eil[onune1bg,mc9getyahc9eela‘3rcoreum]Nhefq:semae4uSmt3ii‘ucetvym3irdiea,–asinela5leeicdn8tmPnesed)e,ta.ceslnrTFinfatnfoetictoce.ucro’urrhrnt’lahTnttaleheohrsdhelseetoio:easLgdertfNyolosay(artrJyaitmomenun,hxrdfoen‘eoidrmsrMVeatceren.enoxdadPduaioniimclccvtddhaikepntesrlibeltehoao,De,”a,pn’sispeseToo,coehfin“ntepAdWeeelininBgfnbafttareehiyeitarsostiielinvnslonigyhenyft
.
ht.S RenaissanceEurope(Cambridge,MA:MITPress,1999).
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2 Introduction
d
e
tt connotations, while the second noun definitely means a healing substance or activity.2
i
m
er ‘Médication’ thus is a polysemous term; it was imported from Latin into French at the
p
s beginningofthefourteenthcentury,itdenotestheensembleofremediesusedforthera-
e
s
u peutic purposes, and it derives from ‘medicari’ and ultimately from ‘medicus,’ both
r
ai doctor and quack.3 The historical process by which the Latin terms ‘medicatio’ and
f
t ‘adulteratio’denoteaminglingandblendingmayhavetodowiththeactofmixingplant-
p
e
xc based remedies or with one of the original Latin meanings of using vegetable juices to
e
, preventcorn diseases.4 Interestingly,theFrench term ‘médication’doesnotshow up in
r
e
sh Estienne’s or in John Baret’s multilingual dictionaries, possibly because the more
i
bl frequentsynonymusedinthesixteenthcenturywas‘medecine,’5butitexistsinMiddle
u
p
e French, then again in Cotgrave’s dictionary with a wholly positive meaning,6 and in
h
t modernFrenchitdesignatestheuseoftherapeuticsubstancesfortreatment.7Thecurrent
m
o
r Englishmeaningofmedicationismoreorlessneutral,denotingamedicinalsubstanceor
f
on medicamentusedintherapy,accordingtotheAmericanHeritageDictionary,aswellas
i
s
s the act or process of medicating or of mixing with medicinal substances, according to
i
m
er Chambers’sTwentiethCenturyDictionary,thoughinpopularusage‘mymedication(s)’
p
t has an ambiguous quality often due to the sheer quantity of drugs prescribed, which is
u
o
th evidentwhenwegoogletheterm.
i
w The polysemous nature of medication determines the textual corpus I analyze in
m
r
o Writing as Medication in Early Modern France: Literary Consciousness and Medical
f
y
n
a
in 2 A good example is Montaigne’s Essais in which we do not find ‘medecinement’ and ‘remed-
ed iement.’Yet‘medeciner’occursfourtimesandalwaysinapejorativeormockingcontext,whereas
c
u
d ‘remedier’occurstwicewithmoreseriousconnotations.
o
pr 3 AlainRey,Dictionnairehistoriquedelalanguefrançaise(Paris:LeRobert,1998)andGrand
e
r
e Laroussedelalanguefrançaise(Paris:Larousse,1971–78).
b
t 4 Charlton T.Lewis,A Latin Dictionary (Oxford:Oxford Clarendon Press,1995):“Medicatio,-
o
n onis.Ahealing,cure;henceinagriculture,abesprinklingwithvegetablejuices,e.g.,oflentils,to
y
Ma preservethemfromthecorn-worm,Col2,10,16.”Thiswouldthenalsoexplaintheentryinthe
d. onlineSemanticAtlasEnglish-French,French-Englishinwhich‘medication’isexplainedascure,
e
v
r drug, medicament, medicinal drug, medicine, remedy, treatment, but also as irrigation in the
e
s
re medicalsenseofclysters.
ts 5 According to Ambrogio Calepino’s Dictionum latinarum et graecarum interpres (Haguenau:
h
ig 1522[1502]),whichstipulatesthat‘medicina,’‘medicamen,’and‘medicamentum’meanthesame
r
l thing (“Medicina, medicamen, medicamentum, medela idem significant”). Calepino’s dictionary
l
A across eleven languages, Ambrosii Calepini Dictionarium undecim linguarum (Basel: Sebastian
.
er Henricpetri,1598(1590),givesfor‘medicatio’thethreeFrenchterms‘medicament,’‘medecine,’
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AN: 2041050 ; Heitsch, Dorothea.; Writing As Medication in Early Modern France : Literary Consciousness
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