Wood Microbiology: Decay and Its Prevention

566 Pages·2020·24.025 MB·English

by  Robert A. Zabel, Jeffey J. Morrell

W M
OOD ICROBIOLOGY
W M
OOD ICROBIOLOGY
Decay and Its Prevention
Second Edition
ROBERT A. ZABEL
SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry,
Syracuse, NY, United States
JEFFREY J. MORRELL
National Centre for Timber Durability and Design Life,
University of the Sunshine Coast, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
Figure Courtesy of Cover:
SERI ROBINSON
Wood Science and Engineering College of Forestry,
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
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Dedication
Dedicated to the late Theodore C. Scheffer and his students and collea-
gues at the Forest Products Laboratory at Madison whose research
achievements over the past 75 years have laid the foundation for the prin-
ciples and practices for the microbiology of wood.
Contents
Foreword xv
Preface xvii
1. Introductionto wood microbiology 1
Wood-aremarkablematerial 2
Woodvalueanduses 3
Potentialusesofwood 3
Wooddisadvantages 4
Decaylossesandfuturewoodneeds 5
Reducingdecaylosses 5
Woodpathologyvswoodmicrobiology 6
Historicalperspectivesofwoodpathology 7
Conceptsandterminologyinwoodmicrobiology 13
Summary 15
References 16
2. Wood deterioration agents 19
Abioticdamage 20
Bioticdamage 21
Chemicaldecompositionofwood 26
Isoptera(termites) 29
Coleoptera(beetles) 36
Hymenoptera(beesandants) 41
Marineborerdamage 43
Wooddecaysanddiscolorationscausedbyfungi 47
Summary 48
References 51
Furtherreading 54
3. The characteristics andclassificationof fungi andbacteria 55
Fungiinrelationtootherlifeforms 56
Bacteria 58
Fungi 59
Aclassificationoffungi 81
Aclassificationofbacteria 89
Therolesoffungiandbacteriainecosystemsandhumanaffairs 92
vii
viii Contents
Summary 93
References 95
Furtherreading 97
4. Factorsaffecting the growth andsurvival of fungi in wood
(fungal ecology) 99
Majorgrowthneedsofwood-inhabitingfungi 100
Oxygen 106
Substrate(foodsources) 118
Chemicalgrowthfactors 120
Vitaminsandminormetals 122
Light 123
Miscellaneousfactors 123
Summary 124
References 124
Furtherreading 127
5. Fungal metabolismin relationto wood decay 129
Energysources,transfer,andstorage 130
Absorptionofdigestionproducts 138
Aerobicrespiration 139
Fermentation 143
Anaerobicrespiration 143
Enzymeinhibitors 144
Nutritioninrelationtofungalgrowthrequisitesanddecaycontrol 145
Summary 145
References 147
Furtherreading 147
6. The decaysetting: Some structural,chemical,and moisture
features ofwood features of wood inrelation to decay
development 149
Woodfunctions 150
Distributionofthemajorchemicalsinthewoodcellwall 169
Organizationallevelsinthecellwall 172
Wood-waterrelationships 173
Woodvariability 178
Summary 180
References 182
Furtherreading 183
Contents ix
7. General features,recognition, and anatomicalaspects of
wood decay 185
Thedualnatureofdecay 186
Generalfeaturesofwooddecaystages 186
Recognitionofdecay(visualevidences) 191
Otherdecaydetectionprocedures 194
Typesandclassificationsofwooddecay 196
Softrots-anewdecaytype 197
Othercommonwooddecaygroups 200
Someanatomicalfeaturesofwooddecay 201
Anearlyhistoryandmajorcontributionstotheanatomyofdecay 201
Theprincipalanatomicalfeaturesofdecay 203
Someresearchneeds 208
Summary 210
References 211
Furtherreading 214
8. Chemicalchanges in wood caused bydecayfungi 215
Changesincellwallcomponentsbydecaytype 216
Thechemicalmechanismsofwooddecay 223
Cellulosedecomposition 223
Hemicellulosesdecomposition 228
Lignindecomposition 229
Bacterialrolesinwooddecomposition 235
Adecaymodelandrelatedresearchneeds 236
Summary 239
References 241
9. Ultrastructural features ofwood decay 245
Electronmicroscopy 246
Somewoodandfungalultrastructuralfeatures 248
Woodultrastructuralchangesduringdecay 250
Summary 262
References 264
Furtherreading 269
10. Changes in the strengthandphysical propertiesof
wood causedby decay fungi 271
Woodweightloss(biomassloss) 272
x Contents
Density/specificgravityloss 274
Strength(mechanical)properties 275
Hygroscopicity 283
Caloricvalue 283
Permeability 284
Electricalproperties 285
Acousticproperties 286
Summary 287
References 288
11. Colonization andmicrobial interactions in wood decay 293
Someecologicalconceptsandterminology 294
Commonwoodinhabitantsduringdecay 297
Successioninwooddecay 303
Researchneedsonecologyofdecayfungi 305
Summary 306
References 307
12. Decays originatingin the stemsofliving trees 311
Historicalhighlights 312
Stemdecaytypes 313
Stemdecayorigins 314
Typesofstemwounds 316
Stemtissuereactionstowounding 316
Compartmentalizationandsuccession 317
Ratesofdecaydevelopment 319
Recognitionofstemdecays 319
Somecommonstemdecays 321
Majorheartrots 321
Commonsaprots 331
Hostspecificstemdecayfungi 332
Somecolonizationstrategiesofstemdecayfungi 332
Summary 333
References 335
Furtherreading 338
13. Biodeterioration of stored wood and its control 339
Typesofstorageloss 340
Pulpwood 350
Contents xi
Pulpwoodchips 353
Summary 358
References 360
Furtherreading 362
14. Wood molds,stains anddiscolorations 363
Historical 364
Typesofwooddiscoloration 364
Enzymaticandchemicalstains 365
Colorchangesassociatedwithincipientdecay 369
Fungalstainsormolds 370
Summary 379
References 380
15. Decay problems associatedwith some major uses of wood
products 385
Decayhazard 386
Typesofwoodproductsdecayfungi 389
Decayofwoodproducts 390
Adecaycontrolprinciple 406
Summary 407
References 407
Furtherreading 410
16. The detection of decay 411
Locationofdecay 412
Decaydetectiondifficulties 413
Basicsamplingfordecay 413
Anidealdecaydetectiondevice 414
Physicaldecaydetection 415
Mechanicaldecaydetection 416
Electricaldecaydetection 420
Acousticdecaydetection 422
Spectroscopytools 425
Laboratorydecaydetection 425
Summary 430
References 431
Furtherreading 435